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????經(jīng)常有同學問我:有沒有什么捷徑能夠順利地通過四六級、考研、考博或者其它英語考試? 我的回答總是:沒有。但是,幫助同學們找到一套科學的學習方法,不僅可以提高英語能力,而且對考試也有切實的幫助,是我一直所追求的。在國內(nèi)這樣的非母語學習環(huán)境里,如何在英語學習上少走彎路,最為行之有效和直接的提高英語水平的辦法就是大量閱讀,并作精細閱讀,這樣才能帶動“聽說寫譯”等其它能力的突破。結(jié)合我個人的學習體會,并經(jīng)過長時間的思考和教學中的摸索,我總結(jié)出了一套以閱讀為突破口,提高英語綜合能力和突破四六級和考研等等英語考試的“超精讀”方法,希望能對同學們有所幫助。
???? 對大部分中國學生來說,欠缺的不是泛讀,而是精讀??偟膩碚f,同學們在超精讀文章的時候要對文章和考點、干擾項等進行詳細的分析、總結(jié)。 這時要仔細體會文章中精彩的語言,注意詞語的內(nèi)涵、使用、擴展和搭配,代詞和名詞的指代,對精彩句型的模仿,以及對重要語法現(xiàn)象、長句、難句、文章結(jié)構(gòu)的分析。另外,還要注意分析句子和句子之間的關系,是因果、遞近、轉(zhuǎn)折還是什么?尤其要注意文章的第一句和最后一句,以及每段的第一句和最后一句與其它句子的關系,體會每句話在文章中的作用。在閱讀過程中,要培養(yǎng)自己對文章主要討論對象、關鍵詞,作者和專家的觀點,以及語氣的把握。特別注意作者和專家的觀點,專家和專家之間的觀點是否相同或相反或互補,以及作者和專家的語氣是贊成還是反對,是關注還是樂觀等等。如果是真題,還要仔細分析考點和正確、干擾選項的規(guī)律、特征。在此過程中,可把文章盡可能的多讀幾遍,甚至翻譯一下,提高對文章中單詞、短語、句型等的反應速度,閱讀速度自然也就提高了。
????如果能做到上面幾點,那么你才能說真正地理解了文章,閱讀理解能力以及綜合英語能力都會得到很大的提高,其結(jié)果是對考試中的每個題型的把握都會更上一層樓。先從聽力說起,據(jù)研究,一個人的閱讀理解能力和聽力水平是成正比關系的。試想,有的同學連聽力原看不懂,怎么可能聽懂呢。另外,在超精讀的過程中,所積累的詞匯能力,對詞匯題也有很大幫助,我曾做過統(tǒng)計,如果對10套左右的四六級、考研閱讀真題中的詞匯進行過深入學習,大綱中的重點詞匯就已經(jīng)囊括大半。最好的詞匯記憶方法是通過閱讀來學習,可以記得又牢又準確。對翻譯、完形、改錯、簡短回答問題等小題型,你就會覺得得心應手,因為你對這些題型的解題能力和你的閱讀、詞匯能力最相關。關于作文,許多同學喜歡背模版,其實模版作文千篇一律,很難拿到高分。如果在讀英語報刊和真題的過程中,我們有意識地摘抄積累一些精彩地道的詞匯和句型,考試時信手拈來,無疑會使評卷老師眼睛為之一亮。實際上,我們所閱讀的英語文章就是一篇篇精彩的作文范文。如果我們能在早晨、傍晚朗讀或背誦英語報刊文章或真題閱讀文章,經(jīng)常進行翻譯練習,耳濡目染接觸到的都是地道的英語,堅持下去,我們的聽說讀寫譯能力很自然地就會得到提高。

????第一步:準備好閱讀材料,訓練閱讀速度,捕捉文章大意。不要查字典、看譯文。
在閱讀英語報刊(推薦閱讀Time, Newsweek, the Economist等)或者真題的時候,第一遍都必須首先注意提高閱讀速度。對報刊上的文章,第一遍讀的時候不要查字典,記下起止時間,計算單位時間的閱讀量。對真題,更加要控制在規(guī)定的時間內(nèi)完成,閱讀時就要隨時對可能的考點作出標記,最后結(jié)合解題技巧來解題。這時的重點放在訓練速度,掌握文章大意、結(jié)構(gòu),以及作者和專家等的觀點。

????第二步:總結(jié)文章中詞匯使用的準確性、形象性、多樣性和感情色彩及語氣,復合詞的使用,總結(jié)各類重要搭配,對各類重要詞匯進行擴展,正確識別代詞與抽象名詞的指代,并記憶和運用可以在作文中使用的詞匯。
????1. 從文章中詞匯使用的準確性、形象性、多樣性和感情色彩及語氣角度,復合詞的使用進行總結(jié)。
????① 準確性
英語初學者在詞匯的使用上一般太寬太泛,欠缺準確性。比如想到走,只會用walk, 其實表示“走”的詞匯有很多,如:stroll漫步, 閑逛; stagger 搖晃地走等等。
????② 形象性
英語母語的人在使用英語的時候用詞經(jīng)常非常形象化,而我們一般用詞就比較刻板。比如上升,很多人只會用increase, 其實用climb 這個簡單的詞就很形象。再如下文:
Diana’s sudden death triggered a global outpouring of grief and boosted an already thriving “Diana Industry”.??Described in an editorial in the Daily Mirror tabloid as the “grief industry”, interest in Diana has also spawned hundreds of “exclusive” biographies by people who claim to have been close to her.
trigger n. (槍的)扳機; v. 引發(fā), 引起, 觸發(fā)
spawn n.魚等的)卵; v. 產(chǎn)卵,催生,造成,使產(chǎn)生
????③ 多樣性
詞匯的多樣性也是看一個語言學習者詞匯掌握是否豐富的重要方面。比如一篇文章講汽車,其中就使用了car / motorcar / automobile / auto / vehicle 等詞進行替換,你如果都掌握了,就可以很容易判斷文章的主題。還有一篇關于老年人的作文,一般人只會用old people, 如果你使用了the old / the elderly / the aged / the elderly population / senior citizens, 顯然就技高一籌。再如閱讀理解中原文用legislator, 答案用lawmaker進行替換。以上這些例子都說明了詞匯的多樣性的重要。
????④ 感情色彩及語氣
動詞、形容詞和副詞等的使用經(jīng)常都表達了作者的感情色彩和語氣,把握這一點對深入理解原文,或者考試時解題都很有作用。
The study’s director _89___ that “interactive leadership may emerge 90?? the management style of choice of many organizations.” (2003.1 CET-6 Cloze)
A) predicted B) proclaimed C) defied D) diagnosed
????這道題有爭議,因為A)和B)從中文的意思上來看都可以,其實如果注意到句子中的may所表達的不確定語氣就可以確定本題必選A) predicted 無疑。因為predicted 意思是預測,表達的是一種不確定性,而proclaimed 一般表示在正式場合的宣布、聲明,無此語氣。
????⑤ 復合詞
現(xiàn)代英語中復合詞的使用非常廣泛,且很多字典上都不一定能查到,平時要注意多總結(jié)。比如-free 這個詞表示“沒有,免除”,可以組成很多復合詞,flood-free 沒有洪水的,fat-free 沒有脂肪的。再如孫英杰B尿樣陽性,face a multi-year ban, 體會一下復合詞的使用是不是句子有了英語的味道?

????2. 總結(jié)文章中動詞和名詞(動賓)搭配、形容詞和名詞的搭配、副詞和動詞、形容詞的搭配、各類介詞搭配(動詞和介詞、形容詞和介詞、名詞和介詞、介詞和名詞)。
?? ① 動詞和名詞(動賓)搭配
動詞作為英語中最活躍的詞性,具有強大的組詞功能,尤其是與名詞的搭配千變?nèi)f化,但又在很大程度上是約定俗成的。如果不加以注意,就容易犯錯誤。比如一位同學作文中的表達:People take more emphasis on the health,這里的take就應該用place或者put。曾經(jīng)請同學翻譯一句話:他的英語在這個學校最好。一般人都翻譯成:His English is the best in this school. 其實如果平時掌握了地道的動賓搭配,翻譯成:His English tops this school. 是不是更好呢?
例如:
Chinese President Hu Jintao and British Prime Minister Tony Blair reached vital consensus on Wednesday on promoting the existing comprehensive strategic partnership to a higher level.
從以上句子中我們就必須總結(jié)兩個動賓搭配:
(1). reach consensus on … 在…方面達成共識;
(2). promote the existing comprehensive strategic partnership 促進現(xiàn)有的全面戰(zhàn)略伙伴關系

????② 形容詞和名詞的搭配
英語中形容詞表達的涵義很廣,同一個形容詞可以修飾不同的名詞,不同的形容詞可以修飾同樣的名詞,學習中一定要注意積累。如有個同學的造句:The traffic in Nanjing is crowded. 這里crowded 就用錯了,應該用heavy。另外,heavy 還可以修飾smoker / rain 等等。再如outstanding / superior / rare / top 都可以形容students, 指優(yōu)秀的學生。不要想到好壞就想到good, bad,。比如不好的效果可以用ill effects , unfavorable effects 等等。
?? ③ 副詞和動詞、形容詞的搭配
副詞的使用經(jīng)常使你的句子非常簡潔和地道,比如你聽到小日本被炸了,你的反應是不是pleasantly shocked (愉快的震驚)呢?再如intensely / crucially important 都可以代替very important。如果你是李宇春的忠實粉絲,但如果是a hopelessly devoted fan 而耽誤了學習就不好啦。
??
?? ④ 各類介詞搭配(動詞和介詞、形容詞和介詞、名詞和介詞、介詞和名詞)
有專家稱,英語是介詞的語言,從這一點就可以看出介詞的重要性。多掌握各類介詞固定搭配,可以使你的英語表達更地道。

?? 3. 注意對文章中重要詞匯進行一定的擴展。
我們可以從詞匯的同義詞、反義詞,同根詞、相關性等等角度進行擴展,讓你的詞匯形成一個網(wǎng)絡,而不是孤立的個體。

?? 4. 正確識別代詞與抽象名詞的指代
如果無法正確識別指代,讀者就無法把句子和句子連接成具有連貫意義的整體,就無法把握作者的思路延展。
例1:2003年6月六級閱讀理解第三篇
(32)Take the case of public education alone. The principal difficulty faced by the schools has been the tremendous increase in the number of pupils. This has been caused by the advance of the legal age for going into industry and the impossibility of finding a job even when the legal age has been reached. (This = the tremendous increase in the number of pupils.) In view of the technological improvements in the last few years, business will require in the future proportionately fewer workers than ever before. The result will be still further raising of he legal age for going into employment, and still further difficulty in finding employment when hat age has been attained. If we cannot put our children to work, we must put them in school. (本文是一篇人文類的議論文,討論的主要對象public education在第一句話中就提到,屬于開門見山類的文章。 第一段講了公立學校面臨的主要困難是學生數(shù)量的巨大增長,以及增長的原因。)
32. What is the reason for the increase in the number of students?
[定位與替換] 本題問學生數(shù)量增長的原因是什么?為典型的因果關系考點。問題指向原文第一段第一句,公立學校面臨的主要問題是學生數(shù)量的增長。接著講了兩個原因(This has been caused by …):合法就業(yè)年齡的提高(也就是在一定年齡以下不能就業(yè))和達到合法年齡后無法找到工作。所以選B) Raising of the legal age for going to work. 合法工作年齡的提高。
[干擾項分析] A) The requirement of educated workers by business. 企業(yè)對受過教育的工人的要求。文中沒有提到,屬于無中生有。C) The trend toward a shorter workday. 工作時間縮短的趨勢。此為第二段第一句的內(nèi)容,但偏離了考點。D) People's concern for the future of the next generation. 人們對下一代的未來的關心。文中也沒有提到,屬于無中生有。
如果無法正確識別文章中This 的指代,解題就會遇到困難?,F(xiàn)在的四六級考研英語命題者,喜歡從指代處出題。
例2:2002年6月閱讀第一篇:
Indeed, the human history has not been merely touched by global climate change, some scientists argue, it has in some instances been driven by it. (some scientists argue為插入語,第一個it指代the human history,第二個it指代global climate change)

????第三步:總結(jié)文章中的好的短句、長難句、考點句;總結(jié)文章中句子如何開頭,句子之間的關系、銜接,段落之間的銜接,并記憶和運用可以在作文中使用的句型。
例1:He is a big spender. 他花錢大手大腳。
運用:Many young adults are big spenders. 許多年輕人花錢大手大腳。
例2:1949 witnessed the liberation of China.
運用:The dawn of the new century witnessed the increasing popularity of the web.
中國人寫英文句子多喜歡用第一人稱開頭,寫作文時候開頭也缺乏變化。所以平時在超精讀時仔細研究文章中的句子是如何開頭是很有必要的。
例3:He got off the plane. Reporters surrounded him. 這兩個句子沒有語法問題,但放在一起就顯得缺乏連貫性。如果改成He got off the plane and was surrounded by reporters 或者He got off the plane. And he was surrounded by reporters 就可以了。所以平時要多研究英文句子是如何銜接的。
例4:2002年6月六級閱讀第二篇
(29) Our obsession (迷戀) with thinness is also fueled by health concerns. ……
以上是某一段第一句話,請注意also銜接兩段的作用。
29. The author criticizes women's obsession with thinness __________.
[定位與替換] 本題詢問作者是如何批評婦女對瘦的著迷的。由關鍵詞obsession with thinness定位到第五段第一句。但該句只給出了部分答案。注意also這個詞,表明人們對瘦的迷戀還有原因,應該在上面一段。 第四段說瘦現(xiàn)在被認為是新的優(yōu)點的標志。帶來的結(jié)果是肥胖被認為是不好的,因為肥胖意味著缺乏精神力量。整個社會以瘦為美,作者對人們迷戀瘦是因為社會風氣使然,這是從社會的角度。 第五段第一句的話說,我們對瘦的迷戀部分原因是我們對健康的關注另外,從文中可以看出作者是從醫(yī)學的觀點來說明疾病不一定是和體重有關,太迷戀瘦也有可能造成對健康的損害。所以本題應該選B) from sociological and medical points of view從社會學和醫(yī)學的角度。解答本題需要整合兩段內(nèi)容,并具有概括能力。
例5:2001年6月四級第四篇
We can see how the product life cycle works by looking at the introduction of instant coffee. When it was introduced, most people did not like it as well as “regular” coffee and it took several years to gain general acceptance (introduction stage). At one point, though, Instant coffee grew rapidly in popularity and many brands were introduced (stage of rapid growth). After a while people became attached to one brand and sales leveled off (stage of maturity). Sales went into a slight decline(衰退)when freeze-dried coffees were introduced (stage of decline). ??
第一段中有三個句型可以在圖表作文中應用:
1. instant coffee grew rapidly in popularity.
我們可以這樣模仿:the mobile phone has grown rapidly in popularity.
2. sales leveled off.
或者也可以這樣說:sales remained constant / steady / stable / much the same
3. sales went into a slight decline.
或者也可以這樣說: sales declined slightly / 如果下降幅度大可以說sales declined dramatically / substantially / sharply / greatly / hugely.

第四步:總結(jié)文章主要討論對象、關鍵詞,作者、專家的觀點以及語篇及段落發(fā)展模式。對考試類文章而言,還要總結(jié)文章的考點、題目的定位、答案的替換、正確和干擾項的規(guī)律、特征。
例1:請大家參考我對2005年1月六級閱讀第三篇的解析:
Passage Three
(31) Throughout the nation's more than 15,000 school districts, widely differing approaches to teaching science and math have emerged. Though there can be strength in diversity, a new international analysis suggests that this variability has instead contributed to lackluster (平淡的) achievement scores by U.S. children relative to their peers in other developed countries.(注意本段的differing / diversity / variability幾個同義替換,表明本段強調(diào)了美國各個地區(qū)的科學和數(shù)學教育差異很大〈多樣性,多元化〉的事實。文章第二句,作者話鋒一轉(zhuǎn),盡管多元化有好處,但有分析表明這導致了美國的孩子與其它發(fā)達國家的同齡人相比,學習成績比較平淡。這一句提出了美國教育存在的問題,預測后文可能會作詳細闡述或提出解決問題的辦法,注意這都是可能的考點。平時復習時一定要培養(yǎng)自己歸納、預測原文的能力?。?br>31. According to the passage, the teaching of science and math in America is _______.
[定位與替換] 本題問美國的科學和數(shù)學教學的狀況。根據(jù)關鍵詞teaching of science and math定位到原文第一段。選B) characterized by its diversity以多樣性為特點。解題的重點在準確判斷第一段所強調(diào)的內(nèi)容。
[干擾項分析] A) focused on tapping students' potential集中開發(fā)學生的潛力,文中無信息支持;C) losing its vitality gradually逐步失去活力,D) going downhill in recent years最近幾年走下坡路,文章雖指出了美國的教育體系有缺陷,但并未說其失去活力或走下坡路,故不應選C、D。

Indeed, concludes William H. Schmidt of Michigan State University, who led the new analysis, "no single intellectually coherent vision dominates U.S. educational practice in math or science.'' The reason, he said, "is because the system is deeply and fundamentally flawed." (Indeed, 在這里是加強語氣,“確實”的意思,經(jīng)常在文章中引出作者或者專家的重要觀點。專家Schmidt的結(jié)論:美國數(shù)學和科學的教育實踐缺乏連貫一致的知識觀念,原因是這個體系有深刻和根本的缺陷。到底是什么缺陷呢?這里專家只是作了抽象的概括,下文中可能會詳細闡述。注意coherent和第一段diversity是反義詞。)
The new analysis, released this week by the National Science Foundation in Arlington, Va., is based on data collected from about 50 nations as part of the Third International Mathematics and Science Study.(本段不是很重要,主要講這個分析是基于50個國家的數(shù)據(jù)。)
Not only do approaches to teaching science and math vary among individual U.S. communities, the report finds (= the new analysis), but there appears to be little strategic focus within a school district’s curricula, its textbooks, or its teachers' activities.(Not only … , but …倒裝強調(diào)句,語意重心在but后面的內(nèi)容:美國的各個學區(qū)在課程等方面缺乏戰(zhàn)略重點。the report finds是插入語)(32) This contrasts sharply with the coordinated national programs of most other countries.(這與大部分其它國家的協(xié)調(diào)的國家計劃形成鮮明對比,是作者的結(jié)論句。This指代上面一句的意思,也即美國人的做法。這里也是一個重要的對比考點。)
32. The fundamental flaw of American school education is that ________.
[定位與替換]本題是問美國學校教育的根本缺陷是什么。根據(jù)關鍵詞fundamental flaw可定位到原文第二段,但答案并不在其中(而是在第四段)。根據(jù)對文章的分析,應該選A) it lacks a coordinated national program美國學校教育缺乏一個協(xié)調(diào)一致的全國性計劃。答案是從第四段This contrasts sharply with the coordinated national programs of most other countries. 推得的。本題解題的關鍵是跨段整合內(nèi)容。
[干擾項分析] B) it sets a very low academic standard for students它對學生設定了非常低的學術標準,文中無內(nèi)容支持(只是說美國學生學的多而不精);C) it relies heavily on the initiative of individual teachers它非常依賴各個教師的主動性,文中無信息支持;D) it attaches too much importance to intensive study of school subjects 它太重視學校課程的深入學習,與文章內(nèi)容相反,如果選項是attach too much importance to extensive, but not intensive, study of school subjects 才符合原文。

(33) On average, U.S. students study more topics within science and math than their international counterparts do. This creates an educational environment that "is a mile wide and an inch deep," Schmidt notes. (出現(xiàn)比較級時應高度關注。第二句This指代第一句陳述的事實:平均說來,與國際同齡人相比,美國學生在科學與數(shù)學方面要學習更多的科目。A mile wide and an inch deep屬于形象用法、比喻考點。)
For instance, eighth graders in the United States cover about 33 topics in math versus just 19 in Japan. Among science courses, the international gap is even wider.(作者接著舉例說明美國的教育環(huán)境是a mile wide and an inch deep。)U.S. curricula for this age level resemble those of a small group of countries including Australia, Thailand, Iceland, and Bulgaria. Schmidt asks whether the United States wants to be classed with these nations, whose educational systems "share our pattern of splintered (支離破碎的) visions" but which are not economic leaders.
33. By saying that the U.S. educational environment is "a mile wide and an inch deep" (Line 2, Para. 5), the author means U.S. educational practice ________.
[定位與替換] 本題問作者對美國教育實踐的看法。根據(jù)上面兩段This指代的事實以及For instance后對a mile wide and an inch deep的進一步解釋可以看出,美國教育注重所開科目的廣度而不重視深度,所以選D) scratches the surface of a wide range of topics只觸及了許多科目的表面。另外,education environment = educational practice。解題的關鍵是要跨段整合內(nèi)容,并準確地識別指代和例證的含義。
[干擾項分析] A) lays stress on quality at the expense of quantity犧牲數(shù)量來強調(diào)質(zhì)量,和文中內(nèi)容相反;B) offers an environment for comprehensive education為全面綜合教育提供了環(huán)境,文中只提到科學和數(shù)學教育,并未出現(xiàn)全面綜合教育的概念;C) encourages learning both in depth and in scope鼓勵既深入又廣泛地學習,這只是美國教育改革的方向,與原文內(nèi)容不一致。

The new report "couldn't come at a better time," says Gerald Wheeler, executive director of the National Science Teachers Association in Arlington.(本句是某個專家對the new report所作的評價。文章中出現(xiàn)概括性評價之后一般都會作進一步的解釋說明、原因分析等,這是命題者較喜歡的考點。)(34)"The new National Science Education Standards provide that focused vision," including the call "to do less, but in greater depth." (The new National Education Standards和The new report屬于同義概念。)
34. The new National Science Education Standards are good news in that they will ________.
[定位與替換]本題問新的全國科學教育標準是個好消息的原因。根據(jù)關鍵詞The new National Education Standards和good news, 定位到第七段,本題所問的原因在第二句,注意but引起的強調(diào),故選A) provide depth to school science education使學校的科學教育具有深度。解題的關鍵在于識別句子之間的關系。
[干擾項分析] B) solve most of the problems in school teaching解決學校教學的大部分問題,歪曲并夸張了文章原意;C) be able to meet the demands of the community能夠滿足社區(qū)需求,文中未提及,因為新的全國科學標準是為了彌補教育體制的缺陷而制定的;D) quickly dominate U.S. educational practice迅速在美國的教育實踐中處于支配地位,文中也未提及,而是指出了實現(xiàn)這個新標準將面臨挑戰(zhàn)。

(35) Implementing the new science standards and their math counterparts will be the challenge, he and Schmidt agree, because the decentralized responsibility for education in the United States requires that any reforms be tailored and instituted one community at a time.(…因為美國的教育責任是分散的,它要求任何一項改革只能一次一個社區(qū)地量身定制。he and Schmidt agree是插入語,而且是專家觀點標志詞,緊接著闡述了Implementing the new standards… will be the challenge的原因,考點設置和34題如出一轍,但相對簡單,因為because是明顯的因果關系考點標志詞。)
In fact, Schmidt argues, reforms such as these proposed national standards "face an almost impossible task, because even though they are intellectually coherent, each becomes only one more voice in the babble (嘈雜聲)."
35. Putting the new science and math standards into practice will prove difficult because ________.
[定位與替換] 本題問實施新的科學和數(shù)學標準將會遇到困難的原因。put sth. into practice = implement, will prove difficult = will be the challenge, 所以本題可準確定位到倒數(shù)第二段,最后選C) school districts are responsible for making their own decisions學區(qū)對自己的決定負責。該選項表達了文中“責任分散”的意思。
[干擾項分析] A) there is always controversy in educational circles在教育界一直存在爭論,B) not enough educators have realized the necessity for doing so沒有足夠的教育者意識到這樣做的重要性,D) many schoolteachers challenge the acceptability of these standards許多學校老師質(zhì)疑這些標準的可接受性,這三個選項文中均無信息支持。
例2、2000年1月四級閱讀第二篇
Some studies suggest that straight, horizontal bars painted across roads can initially cut the average speed of drivers in half.??However, traffic often returns to full speed within months as drivers become used to seeing the painted bars.
30. What does the author say about straight, horizontal bars painted across roads?
A)??????They cannot be applied successfully to traffic circles.
B)??????They tend to be ignored by drivers in a short period of time.
C)??????They are falling out of use in the United States.
D)??????They are applicable only on broad roads
請用心體會initially 這個詞的內(nèi)涵,其實,你一看到這個詞,就應該準確predict后面可能會有考點,而且肯定會出現(xiàn)but, however, ultimately 一類的轉(zhuǎn)折、對比詞。答案B)。
例3、六級2001年6月閱讀第二篇
For centuries, explorers have risked their lives venturing into the unknown for reasons that were to varying degrees economic and nationalistic. ……
Although their missions blended commercial and political-military imperatives, the explorers involved all accomplished some significant science simply by going where no scientists had gone before.
Today Mars looms as humanity’s next great terra incognita.??And with doubtful prospects for a short-term financial return, with the cold war a rapidly fading memory and amid a growing emphasis on international cooperation in large space ventures, it is clear that imperatives other than profits or nationalism will have to compel human beings to leave their tracks on the planet’s reddish surface.??Could it be science, which has long played a minor role in exploration, is at least destined to take a leading role? ……
With Mars the scientific stakes are arguably higher than they have ever been. …..
36. According to the passage, the chief purpose of explorers in going to unknown places in the past was_____ .
A) to display their country’s military might
B) to accomplish some significant science
C) to find new areas for colonization
D) to pursue commercial and state interests
37. At present, a probable inducement for countries to initiate large-scale space ventures is _____ .
A) international cooperation??????????????????????????????????????????????B) nationalistic reasons
C) scientific research????????????????????????????????????????????????????D) long-term profits
注意:economic / commercial / financial / profit ; nationalistic / political / military / cold war / nationalism;??science / scientist/ scientific 都是近義詞或同一范疇的詞,也就閱讀文章中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)的同義換詞現(xiàn)象。如果一個詞的同義詞、相關詞在一篇文章中多次重復出現(xiàn),必定是這篇文章的強調(diào)的地方,必定和考題相關。另外,請注意這兩道題的考法,先考過去,再考現(xiàn)在,一個是was, 一個是is。答案D,C。
例4、考研2004年 Text 1
Hunting for a job late last year, lawyer Gant Redmon stumbled across CareerBuilder, a job database on the Internet.??He searched it with no success but was attracted by the site’s “personal search agent”.??It’s an interactive feature that lets visitors key in job criteria such as location, title, and salary, then emails them when a matching position is posted in the database.
….
Some sites design their agents to tempt job hunters to return.??When CareerSite’s agent sends out messages to those who have signed up for its service, for example, it includes only three potential jobs – those it considers the best matches.??There maybe more matches in the database; job hunters will have to visit the site again to find them – and they do.
44. Why does CareerSite’s agent offer each job hunter only three job options?
A)??????To focus on better job matches.
B)??????To attract more returning visits.
C)??????To reserve space for more messages.
D)??????To increase the rate of success.
請注意下面句中them是指代什么:then emails them when a matching position is posted in the database.?? 有的輔導書上是這么翻譯的:然后給網(wǎng)上貼出的對應崗位發(fā)個郵件/ 當…時,你就通過EMAIL給這些人寄去相關的資料。其實,這里them指visitors。比如說你訪問某個求職網(wǎng)站,登記了你的要求,那么該網(wǎng)站可能會根據(jù)你的要求給你發(fā)email通知你,這就是所謂的interactive feature.
44題答案B,??實際上考的是一個例證題,但是表面上不很容易看出來,這就是考研難的地方。如果你平時注意分析第一句話和后面句子的關系,那么你就會知道, 例證題的答案經(jīng)常指向段落第一句話。答案中attract替換原文tempt。如果你在解題的時候只注意后面幾句話,就可能會做錯答案或者速度慢了。
例五、考研2002年 Text 4
The Supreme Court’s decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering.
Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of “double effect”, a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects – a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen – is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.
56. From the first three paragraphs, we learn that_____ .
A)?tors used to increase drug dosages to control their patients’ pain
B)?it is still illegal for doctors to help the dying end their lives
C)??????the Supreme Court strongly opposes physician-assisted suicide
D)??????patients have no constitutional right to commit suicide
答案B, 這幾段里有不少和法律相關單詞可以學習,比如constitutional / rule / supreme court, rule 這個詞在這里是裁決的意思,很多死背詞匯書的同學考試中就不一定能夠反應出這個意思。這道題目的干擾項之一C很有意思,大家有沒有注意到strongly這個詞,這個選項就錯在這里。請看一下第二段Although這句話, 體會一下這句話的內(nèi)涵(盡管,但是),這句話的內(nèi)涵是最高法院盡管認為醫(yī)生協(xié)助病人自殺是非法的,是持反對態(tài)度的,但并不是強烈反對! 所以大家在做題的時候一定要注意選項中的形容詞和副詞等限定詞,這些地方經(jīng)常是陷阱,同樣文章中出現(xiàn)這類詞匯也需要高度警惕。
第五步:翻譯文章或者與譯文(如果有)對照學習
這一步最具有挑戰(zhàn)性,但可以使你對英文的理解更準確,可以讓你更自由地在中英文之間馳騁。
同學們在進行超精讀時,可以參考以上五個步驟進行。最后引用一個我與一個網(wǎng)上同學的對話來結(jié)束這篇文章,希望各位同學都能早日視深刻地理解英語為一種享受,并順利攻克英語這個堡壘。
問:您說的超精讀 會花費很多時間的 難道不是嗎?
答: 呵呵,你搞錯了,你做題目的時候是在規(guī)定時間之內(nèi)完成。研究題目的時候超精讀,知道嗎?精讀之外,研究好出題點,解題技巧,怎么會過不了?不花時間,怎么提高?你不精讀,這次過不了,下次還要再考,更花時間,浪費的是你的青春。??

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