2014考研英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作指導(dǎo)：段落的寫(xiě)作_跨考網(wǎng)

　　一篇文章可由幾個(gè)自然段組成。文章中的句子和段落均為文章的中心思想服務(wù)，形成一個(gè)有機(jī)的整體。好的段落必須是意思完整，語(yǔ)義連貫，完全體現(xiàn)文章主旨中心，同時(shí)又是層次分明，結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，邏輯關(guān)系應(yīng)用合理的。

　　一、段落的組成

　　一個(gè)段落由三部分組成：

　　1.主題句(Topic Sentence):點(diǎn)出段落的主題(談?wù)撌裁?。

　　2.擴(kuò)展句(Developing Sentence):說(shuō)明和支持主題。

　　3.結(jié)尾句(Concluding Sentence):得出結(jié)論。

　　二、段落的主題

　　一篇文章有中心意思，也就是題目。而每個(gè)段落則有段落主題，段落主題是為文章中心思想服務(wù)的。

　　每個(gè)段落只能有一個(gè)主題(central idea)，它用一個(gè)句子加以表達(dá)，所以稱為主題句。主題提出后需要很多結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)木渥觼?lái)支持和說(shuō)明，稱為擴(kuò)展句。最后得出一個(gè)結(jié)論，并用一個(gè)結(jié)尾句表達(dá)。參看下面段落：

　　(主題句)Slavery in the United States existed almost unchanged for 250 years.(擴(kuò)展句1)During this time, most slaves were not allowed to marry or to raise families.(擴(kuò)展句2) Usually they were not allowed to learn to read.(擴(kuò)展句3) It was very dangerous for a slave to travel, since even free Negroes could be kidnapped and sold at any time. (結(jié)尾句)Under these conditions, it was almost impossible for them to organize to help each other.

　　三、寫(xiě)好主題句

　　定義：主題句為一個(gè)完整的句子，用以概括、敘述和說(shuō)明該段的主題。

　　位置：主題句一般位于段首，也可置于段尾或段中，考生最好放在段首，這樣較易掌握和構(gòu)思。例如：

　　位于段首：在英文中，大部分段落的第一句便是主題句。開(kāi)門(mén)見(jiàn)山地提出問(wèn)題，后面的擴(kuò)展句圍繞主題句加以說(shuō)明、支持、補(bǔ)充和解釋。

　　Learning English at college is different from learning English at the middle school. In the middle school, the students are more dependent and passive. But college students must solve most of the problems by themselves. They will have to consult the dictionaries and reference books by themselves and prepare their lessons.

　　位于段尾：主題句位于段尾便于總結(jié)全段的內(nèi)容，給讀者以深刻的印象，是寫(xiě)作中的一種演繹方法。

　　Similarly, in order to write successful answers to essay questions on history or anthropology examinations, a student must arrange the relevant facts and opinions according to some accepted pattern of paragraph structure. And certainly when a student writes a book report for English, or a critiques for politics studies, or a term paper for sociology, style and organization are often as important as content. Clearly, the ability to write well organized, concise paragraphs and essays is essential to a student’s success in almost all university courses.

　　位于段中：位于段中的主題句起承上啟下的作用，這類(lèi)主題句多起轉(zhuǎn)折作用，一般由“but, however, yet, anyhow, nevertheless”等詞連接，用于引起下文。

　　What we teach ourselves sometimes indeed in more useful than what we learn from others. Some great men had little or no schooling. But these great men probably studied harder by themselves than most boys do in school. The greatest minds do not necessarily of those who have never been able to distinguish themselves at school, have been very successful in life later. It has been said that Wellington and Napoleon were both dull boys at school, and so were Newton and Albert Einstein.

　　無(wú)主題句：有的段落中無(wú)主題句，段落的主題思想通過(guò)文章內(nèi)容來(lái)提示，這種方法能促使讀者對(duì)文章內(nèi)容時(shí)行思考和分析，但考生一般不宜在考試中采用這種方法：

　　There came a breeze, then a gust of wind, The wind became stronger. It rattled the windows, turned up the fallen leaves, bent down the trees. Distant rumbling thunder was heard and came nearer and nearer. Large drops of rain began to fall. Flashes of lightening lit up the sky. Thunder roared overhead. Now the rain poured down,

　　寫(xiě)好主題句的方法：

　　1. 主題句要概括一定內(nèi)容，不要空泛，否則擴(kuò)展句將難以說(shuō)明和支持它，例如：

　　空泛：English language is very important.

　　概括：English language is very important in our daily life.

　　空泛：The Olympic Games are exciting.

　　概括：In the Olympic Games the football teams from many countries compete intensely.

　　2. 盡量使用簡(jiǎn)單句或簡(jiǎn)潔明了的句子：

　　簡(jiǎn)潔：Collecting stamps is her hobby.

　　復(fù)雜: She likes collecting stamps which is her hobby.

　　簡(jiǎn)潔: I enjoyed watching Gone with the wind very much.

　　復(fù)雜：Gone with the wind was a good film which I enjoyed watching very much.

　　3. 主題句應(yīng)該做到句子完整和表達(dá)的主題思想完整：

　　不完整：How to write a composition.

　　完整：How to write a composition is not an easy thing to talk about.

　　不完整：If the weather was fine.

　　完整：If it was fine, we would have had a good time.

　　4. 寫(xiě)好主題句中的關(guān)鍵詞。

　　關(guān)鍵詞是直接表達(dá)主題的詞匯，它決定段落的內(nèi)容和展開(kāi)的方法，引導(dǎo)整個(gè)段落的發(fā)

　　展，例如：

　　There are several ways to boil the water.

　　The task can be finished in three steps.

　　There is a new method to reduce the cost.

　　四、寫(xiě)好擴(kuò)展句和段落

　　圍繞主題句展開(kāi)，支持、說(shuō)明和闡述主題句的句子便是擴(kuò)展句。擴(kuò)展句緊扣主題句中的關(guān)鍵詞而展開(kāi)，句子與句子之間邏輯清楚，上下轉(zhuǎn)承結(jié)合得當(dāng)，簡(jiǎn)明扼要，重點(diǎn)突出。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，每個(gè)自然段除了主題句與結(jié)尾句之外，還包含了3-6個(gè)擴(kuò)展句。所以，寫(xiě)好了擴(kuò)展句便基本上完成一個(gè)自然段落。

　　做題時(shí)，一旦定下了主題和關(guān)鍵詞，作者便按照自己的思路來(lái)組織段落中的句子，句子之間要具有連貫性，就必須由一系列的邏輯關(guān)系構(gòu)成，例如：并列關(guān)系，因果關(guān)系，遞進(jìn)關(guān)系，轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，解釋關(guān)系，概括關(guān)系，順序關(guān)系，讓步關(guān)系，對(duì)照比較關(guān)系，轉(zhuǎn)換關(guān)系等等，這些邏輯關(guān)系可由一系列的過(guò)渡詞(transitional words)來(lái)完成。過(guò)渡詞在句子與句子之間、段落與段落之間起到承上啟下的作用，使句子或段落之間的銜接自然、連貫，邏輯合理，結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，故極為重要。

　　例如：

　　構(gòu)成時(shí)間關(guān)系的過(guò)渡詞有：first, in the first place, since then, thereafter, there fore, lately, later, meanwhile, at last等。

　　構(gòu)成空間關(guān)系的過(guò)渡詞有：before, behind, below, between, beyond, farther, in front of , near to, next to, over, under, up, close to等。