2014考研英語作文指導(dǎo)：文章的完成_跨考網(wǎng)

　　第一節(jié)　　作文寫作文體

　　文章文體一般分為敘述文（Narration）、議論文（Argumentation）、說明文（Exposition）和描寫文（Description）。在實際寫作中，這幾種文體常常交叉使用，相輔相成，但主體仍以一種為主，其他為輔?？缈?a href="http://www.ivlnzgm.cn/" target="_blank">考研認(rèn)為對于考生來說，了解一點作文考試常用的文體知識很有必要。從以往真題考研作文來看，主要為議論文，出題形式常常是針對某一事物或現(xiàn)象讓考生提出自己的看法。
　　議論文（Argumentation）
　　作者對某一問題或事件直接間接地進(jìn)行分析評論，表明自己的立場、觀點、態(tài)度、主張，這就是議論。它常常用于學(xué)術(shù)論文，各種評論、短文、雜文、辯論等方面，應(yīng)用廣泛。
　　議論文的寫作要注意三個要素：1.提出論點；2.組織論據(jù)，進(jìn)行論證；3.得出結(jié)論。常的論證方法包括夾議法、舉例法、比較對照當(dāng)、因果法、邏輯推量法（包括歸納法和演繹法）?？梢詮恼谡撟C，也可以用反證進(jìn)進(jìn)行反駁。例如：
　　Example 1
　　Television-the Wonder of Electronics
　　論點　　 As an art, television brings theatre and other cultural events into home. Its influence on the life of average people is incalculable :it can influence their thoughts, their likes and.
　　組織論據(jù)　dislikes, their speech, and even their dress. As an industry, TV provides.
　　進(jìn)行論證　jobs for hundreds of thousands who make TV sets and broadcasting equipment. It also provides work for actors, technicians, and others who put on programs, In addition, it can add to people’s store of knowledge. Education TV stations offer teaching in various subjects ranging from home nursing to art appreciation Through advertising, TV helps business and manufacturers sell their products to millions of persons.
　　得出結(jié)論　So TV the modern wonder of electronics, not only bring the world into home in sight and sound, also bring some other benefits to people.
　　Example1
　　Physical Exercise and Mental Advantage
　　論點　　　Physical exercise develops will.
Nobody can succeed at anything if the does not put his will.
　　以列舉法　into it. A man, who wishes to lift 300 pounds, can
　　組織論據(jù) do it, if he has a strong will. Some long
　　進(jìn)行論證　distance runners win after practicing day after day, year after year . A great many athletes get good reputation through nothing but a strong will which helps them realize their goals.
　　論點　　　Physical exercise develops judgment. There are many people who unable to make decision when
　　以列舉法　matters come to them. This is due to the fact that
　　組織論據(jù)　their judgment is not sound. An expert runner knows
　　進(jìn)行論證　when he should run faster and when slower. A table tennis player can use different strategies to defeat his opponent.
　　論點　　　Physical exercise develops self-confidence. Many persons do not trust themselves. As things come before
　　以列舉法　them, they usually hesitate, not knowing whether of not
　　組織論據(jù)　they have the ability to perform them. So a great deal
　　進(jìn)行論證　of time is usually wasted and matters are left unattended. This is because these people have no self-confidence. An expert athlete believes that he has had great ability in a certain sport and that he can compete with others in that sport. He does not hesitate and try his best to win the championship.
　　得出結(jié)論　Thus we see will, judgment and self-confidence can be developed by physical exercise.
　　(從上面兩例我們可以看出，作者以段落主題句提出論點，以擴(kuò)展句組織論扭，進(jìn)行論證，以結(jié)尾句進(jìn)行總結(jié)，得了結(jié)論。這與前面所說的段落發(fā)展方法是一致的。)

　　第二節(jié) 文章段落的句子的“啟、承、轉(zhuǎn)、合”

　　在一篇文章中，各自然段，各句子都為文章的中心思想服務(wù)，各段落之間，句子與句子之間存在著某種邏輯關(guān)系。文章段落之間的邏輯關(guān)系主要由過渡詞來完成，在修辭中稱為啟、承、轉(zhuǎn)、合。“啟”就是開頭“承”是承接，“轉(zhuǎn)”是轉(zhuǎn)折，“合”是綜合或總結(jié)，一篇文章與一段文章一樣都有“啟、承、轉(zhuǎn)、合”關(guān)系。例如
　　Ways to Buy Things
　　
　　開頭段(啟) In daily life, people need to buy thing and　services. Some people to prefer pay money for what they need. Other people trade goods for what they need.
　　Each of the two ways has its advantages.
　　As we all know, money is a convenient means of exchange. First of all, it is easy to carry about, easy to transfer from one person to another, from one place to
　　擴(kuò)展段(承)another. When we go shopping we needn’t carry loads of
goods with us. Another advantage to paying money for the things people need is that
money enables people to measure correctly the values of all kinds of goods and services: tea, milk, salt, matches, furniture, dishes, cloth, automobiles, houses, the time and energy spent by a doctor or farmer or engineer on his work, the skill possessed by workers and specialists of different kinds. In addition, money can easily be stored in a safe place for use at some future time without loss in its value.
However, there are cases in which people have to trade goods for the things they need, For example, a person
　　擴(kuò)展段(轉(zhuǎn)) who needs something badly and happens to be penniless, what
should he do? A good solution for him is to trade the goods he has for the things he needs. For another example, a person needs something and its owner is reluctant to sell it unless he gets the thing he wants. In such case, the person has to trade goods for what he needs. In direct transaction of goods, the real value of the goods transacted is not measured in terms of money but by the buyer’s appreciation of the goods. The price of the goods is usually lower because no service or any other person is involved.
　　結(jié)尾段(合)As for me, I prefer to pay money for the things I need,
because I have money and I have no goods to trade for other goods.
　　1.段落連接
　　(1)“啟”，常用于引導(dǎo)文章開頭的過度詞有：
It is often said that…
Generally speaking…
As the proverb says…
It goes without saying that…
It is clear/obvious that…
Mary people often ask …
　　(2)“承”，常用于第一年擴(kuò)展段開渡詞有：
It is true that…
Everybody know that…
It can be easily proved that…
No one can deny that…
One thing which is equally important to the above mentioned is…
The chief reason why …is that …
We must recognize that…
There is no doubt that…
I am of the opinion that…
This can expressed as follows…
To take…for an example (instance) …
Therefore we should realize that …
We have reason to believe that…
We know that…
What is more serious is that…
　　(3)“轉(zhuǎn)”，常用于第二個擴(kuò)展段開頭的過渡詞有：
Another special consideration in this case is that …
Besides, we should not neglect that…
However, …
But the problem is not so simple, …
Therefore…
But it is a pity that…
On the other hand, …
I do not believe that…
Perhaps you’ll ask why…
This may be true, but we still have a problem with regard to…
Though we are in basic agreement with …
The trouble seems that…
Yet differences will be found, that’s why I feel that…
So long as you regard this as reasonable, you many…
　　(4)“合”，常用結(jié)尾段的過度詞有：
In a word, …
In sum, …
In conclusion, …
From this point of view, …
On account of this we can find that …
The result is dependent on …
Therefore, these findings reveal the following information…
Thus, this is the reason why we must…
　　2.句子連接
　　(1)“啟”
in the first place at present
currently it goes without saying that
lately first
first of all now
presently firstly
generally recently
in the beginning to begin with
to start with in general
　　(2)“承”
after a few days after a while
also at any arte
at the same time besides
by this time certainly
consequently for example
for instance for this purpose
from now on furthermore
in addition in addition to…
in fact in other words
in particular in the same manner
incidentally indeed
meanwhile moreover
no doubt obviously
of course particularly
second secondly
similarly so
soon still
then third
thirdly truly
unlike… what is more
　　(3)“轉(zhuǎn)”
after all all the same
anyway at the same time
but by this time
conversely despite…
especially… fortunately
however in other words
in particular in spite of…
in the same way likewise
luckily nevertheless
no doubt not withstanding …
on the contrary on the other hand
otherwise perhaps…
unfortunately unlike…
whereas… yet
nonetheless as a matter of fact
　　(4)“合”
above all accordingly
as a consequence as a result
as has been noted as I have said
at last at length
by and large briefly
by doing so consequently
eventually finally
hence in brief
in conclusion in short
on the whole therefore
thus to speak frankly
to sum up to summarize
indeed surely
to conclude obviously
certainly truly