2014考研英語指導(dǎo)：作文出題的題材類型_跨考網(wǎng)

　　跨考考研結(jié)合歷年作文試題分析，從寫作內(nèi)容及形式上看，均為控制性寫作，題材類型分為幾類：標(biāo)題作文、提綱作文、圖表作文、規(guī)定情景式作文及綜合型作文等。例如：

　　一、主題句作文
　　主句作文也稱為段首句作文，要求考生在每段所給主題句基礎(chǔ)上加以擴(kuò)展，完成段落，再由段落組成文章。主題句作文是目前較常用的一種出題方式，它不像一般正規(guī)文章那樣要求具有開頭段和結(jié)尾段，一般只給出三句主題句，所以屬于一種簡單的三段式作文。
　　Example 1
　　Title: Dictionary……
　　(1) The dictionary is a living teacher
　　(2) Skills will develop with your constant use of various dictionaries. ……
　　(3) But you should have one thing in mind……

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Dictionary
　　The dictionary is living teacher. Whenever you come across a new word, just consult it and you will get a clear definition. Every student, whether attending school or self-taught, should always have a dictionary at hand. As a study aid, it is convenient, inexpensive and all-knowing.
　　Skills will develop with your constant use of various dictionaries The more you use them, the more familiar you will become with them. Sooner or later, you will be quite skilled in finding the page, scanning the entries and locating the exact meaning of the new words.
　　But you should have one thing mind. As a language student, you should never depend too much on dictionaries. Basic language skill do not come from dictionaries, but from your practice. Learn the language by listening, speaking, reading and writing more, and that is the only way to the mastery of a language.

　　Example2
　　Title: The Computer
　　(1) The computer is a wonderful machine
　　(2) Computers play an important role in our life
　　(3) However, many scientists don’s think that computers will replace us completely.

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　The Computer
　　The computer is a wonderful machine. It is the most important invention in many years.
　　Today it is used a great deal in various fields. Especially, it is useful in automatic control and data processing. And now it is finding its way into the home.
　　Computers play an important role in our life. They can do most of things people can do They can give you information on buying and selling things. Provide you with suggestion of how to deal with certain illness and how to solve the problems you are faced with. There is no doubt that people can live much easier with the help of the computers.
However, many scientists don’t think that computers will replace us completely. No matter how clever they may become, computers are no more that an extension for human brain.

　　二、提綱式作文
　　提綱式作文為考生提供了題目與一個簡單的寫作提綱，將考生的寫作控制在一定范疇。
　　它要求考生緊扣題目主題，并根據(jù)提綱提示的思路和要點(diǎn)展開段落。由于提供的寫作提綱一般也為三段，所以考生也可以按照三段式作文將簡單的提綱展為主題句，再按照主題句作文的寫作方法將文章寫成。

　　Example
　　Title: The Telephone
　　Outline: 1. A useful tool
　　2. How to use it
　　3. The improvement of its use

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　The Telephone
　　The telephone is an efficient means of communication, which enables people to talk with each other over long distances. If you are overseas and your family is left behind, you may miss them now and then . Besides fishing out their photos, you can dial a long distance call and send your love to them. For business with another company, the telephone is the most convenient means for you to turn to. It saves much of your travel.
　　It is easy to learn how to use a telephone. First, take the receiver off the hook. Then listen for the dial tone . You can begin to dial the number you want when you hear a long steady signal. If you hear a rapid series of very short tones after dialing, the phone is “busy”. Each town has special emergency numbers for the fire department and police station, which are often listed in the front of the telephone directory.
　　People have mdae much improvement in telephone. For example, they can record telephone talks on tapes, use a radio telephone on a moving car or see the speaker by using the vision telephone.

　　三、圖表式作文
　　圖表式作文可綜合提供題目、數(shù)據(jù)、圖像、提綱，形式多樣，是一種控制性和應(yīng)用性更強(qiáng)的作文的出題方式，從寫作類型來看，基本上屬于說明文?？忌獓@題目并將有關(guān)信息轉(zhuǎn)化為文字形式，這要求考生具有一定數(shù)據(jù)分析和材料歸納的能力，同時運(yùn)用一定的寫作方法。考研試題一般以三段式寫作方法來組織文章，第一段總結(jié)歸納信息反映的總的情況，點(diǎn)出主題思想，第二段回答第一段所得出的問題，對數(shù)字、數(shù)據(jù)等信息作出有條理的分析比較，第三段作出總結(jié)或給以簡單評論。
　　Example1
　　Directions: Write a composition no Changes in People’s Diet. Study the following table carefully and your composition must be based on the information giver in the table. Write three paragraphs to:
　　(1) State the changes in people’s diet in the past five years;
　　(2) Give possible reasons for the changes;
　　(3) Draw your own conclusions.
　　You should quote as few figures as possible.

　　　　　　　　　　　　Changes in People’s Diet
　　Diet is very important in people’s life . From 1987 to 1990. people’s diet changed a lot . Grain was no longer regarded as the main food. And as the proportion of fruit and vegetables declined, the consumption of milk and meat increased.
　　What caused these changes? There are two reasons. One is that with the development of science, people began to realize the importance of maintaining a balanced diet. The other is that people had more money to spend and could afford more expensive food. They tried to change their low-priced diet into a more varied one. They were eager to build up a strong body by improving their living standards.
　　With the development of our economy and the improvement of our food supply, further changes will take place in people’s diet.