2016年考研英語真題閱讀原文及答案

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考研英語一真題閱讀

Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension

Part A

Directions：Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)

Text1

France，which prides itself as the global innovator of fashion, has decided its fashion industry has lost an absolute right to define physical beauty for women. Its lawmakers gave preliminary approval last week to a law that would make it a crime to employ ultra-thin models on runways. The parliament also agreed to ban websites that “incite excessive thinness” by promoting extreme dieting.

Such measures have a couple of uplifting motives. They suggest beauty should not be defined by looks that end up impinging on health. That’s a start. And the ban on ultra-thin models seems to go beyond protecting models from starving themselves to death –as some have done. It tells the fashion industry that it must take responsibility for the signal it sends women, especially teenage girls, about the social tape-measure they must use to determine their individual worth.

The bans, if fully enforced, would suggest to women (and many men) that they should not let others be arbiters of their beauty. And perhaps faintly, they hint that people should look to intangible qualities like character and intellect rather than dieting their way to size zero or wasp-waist physiques.

The French measures, however, rely too much on severe punishment to change a culture that still regards beauty as skin-deep-and bone-showing. Under the law, using a fashion model that does not meet a government-defined index of body mass could result in a $85,000 fine and six months in prison.

The fashion industry knows it has an inherent problem in focusing on material adornment and idealized body types. In Denmark, the United States, and a few other countries, it is trying to set voluntary standards for models and fashion images that rely more on peer pressure for enforcement.

In contrast to France’s actions, Denmark’s fashion industry agreed last month on rules and sanctions regarding the age, health, and other characteristics of models. The newly revised Danish Fashion Ethical Charter clearly states:”We are aware of and take responsibility for the impact the fashion industry has on body ideals, especially on young people”. The charter’s main tool of enforcement is to deny access for designers and modeling agencies to Copenhagen Fashion Week (CFW), which is run by the Danish Fashion Institute. But in general it relies on a name-and -shame method of compliance.

Relying on ethical persuasion rather than law to address the misuse of body ideals may be the best step. Even better would be to help elevate notions of beauty beyond the material standards of a particular industry.

21. According to the first paragraph，what would happen in France?

【A】Physical beauty would be redefined.

【B】New runways would be constructed.

【C】Websites about dieting would thrive.

【D】The fashion industry would decline.

22. The phrase “impinging on”(Line 2，Para.2) is closest in meaning to

【A】heightening the value of

【B】indicating the state of

【C】losing faith in

【D】doing harm to

23. Which of the following is true of the fashion industry?

【A】The French measures have already failed.

【B】New standards are being set in Denmark.

【C】Models are no longer under peer pressure.

【D】Its inherent problems are getting worse.

24. A designer is most likely to be rejected by CFW for

【A】pursuing perfect physical conditions

【B】caring too much about model’s character.

【C】showing little concern for health factors

【D】setting a high age threshold for models.

25. Which of the following may be the best title of the text?

【A】A Challenge to the Fashion Industry’s Body Ideals

【B】A Dilemma for the Starving models in France

【C】Just Another Round of Struggle for Beauty

【D】The Great Threats to the Fashion Industry

21 答案 A Physical beauty would be redefined

解析：這是一道細(xì)節(jié)題，根據(jù)France定位到第一段第一句，主干成分為France has lost an absolute right to define physical beauty。此外第二段第二句They suggest beauty should not be define by looks…故而A physical beauty would be redefined為同義替換，即為正確答案。

22 答案 D doing harm to

解析：此題為詞義題。定位到第二段第二句They suggest beauty should not be defined by looks that end up impinging on health. 根據(jù)end up 可以看出beauty should not be defined by looks 和that end up impinging on health為順承關(guān)系，所以“改變?nèi)藗儗γ啦粌H僅是外表的定義”可以結(jié)束對健康的危害。故而可以推知doing harm to是正確答案。

23 答案 B New Standards are being set in Denmark

解析：此題是正誤判斷題。根據(jù)第五段第二句話 In Denmark,…it is trying to set voluntary standards for models and fashion…可知B選項 New standards are being set in Denmark是其同義替換。

24 答案 C showing little concern for health factors

解析：細(xì)節(jié)題。一個設(shè)計師很可能因為什么原因被CFW拒絕，根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞可回到文中定位至倒數(shù)第二段，首句說丹麥的時尚界就有關(guān)模特的年齡，健康及其他特性的內(nèi)容達(dá)成一致意見，切一項新法案也明確規(guī)定，他們已經(jīng)意識到時尚界對于人們尤其是年輕人的身體健康所帶來的影響，并且該對此負(fù)責(zé)，接著下一句就說，這一法規(guī)的執(zhí)行方式就是拒絕一些設(shè)計師，因為可以推斷設(shè)計師很可能因為不考慮身體健康因素而被CFW拒絕。

25 答案 D A challenge to the Fashion Industry’s Body Ideals

解析：主旨題。本文從首段就開始闡述法國的觀點，即時尚界已經(jīng)失去了定義女性身體之美的權(quán)利，且議會也禁止網(wǎng)站通過宣傳過度節(jié)食來強調(diào)過度消瘦。二段繼續(xù)說明美麗不能只看外表更不能以犧牲健康為代價。三段說女性不該讓他人來評判自己的美麗。以及后面的段落中也一直在不斷說明一點，即健康很重要，不能只看外表。所以文章最佳標(biāo)題應(yīng)該是D，對時尚界完美身材的質(zhì)疑。

Text 2

For the first time in history more people live in towns than in the country. In Britain this has had a curious result. While polls show Britons rate”the countryside”alongside the royal family, Shakespeare and the National Health Serivce (NHS) as what makes them proudest of their country, this has limited political support.

A century ago Octavia Hill Launched the National Trust not to rescue stylish houses but to save“the beauty of natural places for everyone forever”. It was specifically to provide city dwellers with spaces for leisure where they could experience“a refreshing air .”Hill’s pressure later led to creation of national parks and green belts. They don’t make countryside any more，and every year concrete consumes more of it . It needs constant guardianship.

At the next election none of the big parties seem likely to endorse this sentiment. The conservatives’planning reform explicitly gives rural development priority over conservation， even authorising“off-plan”building where local people might object. The concept of sustainable development has been defined as profitable. Labour likewise wants to discontinue local planning where councils oppose development. The Liberal Democrats are silent. Only Ukip, sensing its chance,has sided with those pleading for a more considered approach to using green land. Its Campaign to Protect Rural England struck terror into many local conservative parties.

The sensible place to build new houses，factories and offices is where people are，in cities and towns where infrastructure is in place. The London agents Stirling Ackroyd recently identified enough sites for half a million houses in the London area alone，with no intrusion on green belt. What is true of London is even truer of the provinces.

The idea that”housing crisis”equals“concreted meadows” is pure lobby talk. The issue is not the need for more houses but, as always，where to put them. Under lobby pressure，George Osborne favours rural new-build against urban renovation and renewal. He favours out-of-town shopping sites against high streets . This is not a free market but a biased one. Rural towns and villages have grown and will always grow. They do so best where building sticks to their edges and respects their character. We do not ruin urban Development should be planned, not let rip. After the Netherlands, Britain is Europe’s most crowed country. Half a century of town and country planning has enabled it to retain an enviable rural coherence, while still permitting low-density urban living. There is no doubt of the alternative --- the corrupted landscapes of southern Portugal, Spain or Ireland. Avoiding this rather than promoting it should unite the left and right of the political spectrum.

26. Britain’s public sentiment about the countryside

[A] has brought much benefit to the NHS.

[B] didn’t start till the Shakespearean age.

[C] is fully backed by the royal family.

[D] is not well reflected in politics.

27. According to Paragraph 2，the achievements of the National Trust are now being

[A] gradually destroyed.

[B] effectively reinforced.

[C] properly protected.

[D] largely overshadowed.

28. which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 3?

[A] Ukip may gain from its support for rural conservation.

[B] the Conservatives may abandon ”off -plan“ building.

[C] the Liberal Democrats are losing political influence.

[D] labour is under attack for opposing development.

29. the author holds that George Osborne’s preference

[A] reveals a strong prejudice against urban areas.

[B] shows his disregard for the character of rural areas.

[C] stresses the necessity of easing the housing crisis.

[D] highlights his firm stand against lobby pressure.

30. In the last paragraph，the author shows his appreciation of

[A] the size of population in Britain.

[B the enviable urban lifestyle in Britain.

[C] the town-and-country planning in Britain.

[D] the political life in today is Britain.

26 答案 D is not well reflected in politics

解析：細(xì)節(jié)題。精讀題干，劃出關(guān)鍵詞。根據(jù)題干回到原文精確定位到首段最后一句，該句中的polls民意調(diào)查對應(yīng)題干中的public sentiment，定位答案處為“this has limited political support”，意思為這在政治支持方面是有限的。與D選項“在政治上沒有得到很好的反響”為同義替換。

27 答案 D largely overshadowed

解析：細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干，題干中出現(xiàn)大寫the National Trust，定位到第二段首句the National Trust該句。二段首句只是對Hill的該項目做介紹，需向后看影響。往下可以讀到Hill’s pressure這句，寫到“Hill的項目創(chuàng)造出國家公園和綠地。他們不再制造鄉(xiāng)村了，而且每年鋼筋混凝土消耗的鄉(xiāng)村越來越多。鄉(xiāng)村需要持久的保護”。對應(yīng)選項，該項目的成就很大程度上被奪取了光輝。

28 答案 A Ukip may gain from its support for rural conservation

解析：推斷題。題干問的是從第三段能推出什么，考察的是相應(yīng)段落的段落中心。觀察選項不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，選項中都是大寫的Ukip，The Conservatives，The Liberal Democrats，Labour?？筛鶕?jù)選項中的大寫回段落中尋找，發(fā)現(xiàn)Ukip所在的定位句為Only的倒裝強調(diào)句(倒裝強調(diào)句往往為答案所在處)。該句子意思是：只有Ukip意識到其機會，并支持這些人。和選項A對應(yīng)一下，Ukip可能能從其對農(nóng)村保護的支持中獲得好處，是同義替換。

29 答案 B Shows his disregard for the character of rural areas

解析：細(xì)節(jié)題 問的是作者對于奧斯本的偏好(觀點)的具體看法。根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞奧斯本定位至第五段，因為問的是作者對于奧斯本觀點的看法，所以只需要看在奧斯本的觀點之后作者的表達(dá)內(nèi)容，第五段倒數(shù)兩句話就是作者表達(dá)自己觀點的地方，即“我們沒有破壞城市中受到保護的地方”，“你們?yōu)槭裁匆茐泥l(xiāng)村的呢?”這就說明奧斯本一方的觀點是要破壞鄉(xiāng)村環(huán)境。所以可得出答案是奧斯本想法表明了他對于鄉(xiāng)村人們的忽視。

30 答案 C the-town-and-country planning in Britain

解析：根據(jù)題干定位到最后一段，問的是作者欣賞贊同什么，作者的觀點即是文章末段的段落中心，可定位到末段末句。末句指出，避免this會將左右黨派聯(lián)系起來，this代詞指代指代上句中所提到的內(nèi)容。Should即作者贊同的地方，也就是作者贊同的是城鄉(xiāng)結(jié)合。

TEXT3

“There is on and only one social responsibility of business,” wrote Milton Friedman, a Nobel prize-winning economist, “That is, to use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profits.” But even if you accept Friedman’s premise and regard corporate social responsibility (CSR) policies as a waste of shareholders’ money, things may not be absolutely clear-cut. New research suggests that CSR may create monetary value for companies-at least when they are prosecuted for corruption.

The largest firms in America and Britain together spend more than $15 billion a year on CSR, according to an estimate by EPG, a consulting firm. This could add value to their businesses in three ways. First, consumers may take CSR spending as a “signal” that a company’s products are of high quality. Second, customers may be willing to buy a company’s products as an indirect way to donate to the good causes it helps. And third, through a more diffuse “halo effect,” whereby its good deeds earn it greater consideration from consumers and others.

Previous studies on CSR have had trouble differentiating these effects because consumers can be affected by all three. Al recent study attempts to separate them by looking at bribery prosecutions under America’s Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA). It argues that since prosecutors do not consume a company’s products as part of their investigations, they could be influenced only by the halo effect.

The study found that, among prosecuted firms, those with the most comprehensive CSR programmes tended to get more lenient penalties,. Their analysis ruled out the possibility that it was firm’s political influence, rather than their CSR stand, that accounted for the leniency: Companies that contributed more to political campaigns did not receive lower fines.

In all, the study concludes that whereas prosecutors should only evaluate a case based on its merits, they do seem to be influenced by a company’s record in CSR. “We estimate that either eliminating a substantial labour-rights concern , such as child labour, or increasing corporate giving byabout20% results in fines that generally are 40% lower than the typical punishment for bribing foreign officials”, says one researcher.

Researchers admit that their study does not answer the question of how much businesses ought to spend on CSR. Nor does it reveal how much companies are banking on the halo effect, rather than the other possible benefits, when they decide their do-gooding policies. But at least they have demonstrated that when companies get into trouble with the law, evidence of good character can win them less costly punishment.

31.The author views Milton Friedman’s statement about CSR with

【A】tolerance.

【B】skepticism.

【C】uncertainty.

【D】approval.

32.According to Paragraph 2,CSR helps a company by

【A】winning trust from consumers.

【B】guarding it against malpractices.

【C】protecting it from being defamed.

【D】raising the quality of its products.

33. The expression “more lenient ”(line 2,para.4)is closest in meaning to

【A】more effective

【B】less controversial

【C】less severe

【D】more lasting

34. When prosecutors evaluate a case, a company’s CSR regard

【A】has an impact on their decision

【B】comes across as reliable evidence

【C】increases the chance of being penalized

【D】constitutes part of the investigation

35.Which of the following is true of CSR, according to the last paragraph?

【A】 Its negative effects on businesses are often overlooked.

【B】 The necessary amount of companies’ spending on it is unknown.

【C】 Companies’ financial capacity for it has been overestimated.

【D】 It has brought much benefit to the banking industry.

31 答案 B Skepticism

解析：作者觀點態(tài)度題。題干問的是作者對有關(guān)CSR方面Milton Friedman的說法是什么態(tài)度。根據(jù)大寫Milton Friedman這個人定位到定位到首段首句。注意題干問的是作者的看法，因此定位到后一句but轉(zhuǎn)折處。轉(zhuǎn)折處的主題句式“things may not absolutely clear-cut”，作者持的是否定態(tài)度，選擇答案B。C選項是作者態(tài)度不明確，不能選擇。

32 答案 A winning trust from consumers

解析：根據(jù)題干找到第二段.根據(jù)第二段內(nèi)容,CSR could add value to their business in three ways. 從而定位下面三點。First后面出現(xiàn)了high quality，但是它是在從句中，從句修飾"signal",而本句謂語動詞是take，與D中 raising 并不是同義詞，故排除。Second,和third 都與消費者購買心態(tài)有關(guān)，和A選項 winning trust from consumers 相對應(yīng)。而B，C選項的malpractices和defamed在原文中并未出現(xiàn)，且沒有同義詞，故排除。

33 答案 C less severe

解析：根據(jù)題干找到第四段對應(yīng)處?？梢婎}干的 more lenient 是作為修飾 penalties(懲罰) 的，故推測本句在討論 CSR 和 penalties 有什么聯(lián)系。而本段與懲罰相關(guān)的詞只有最后一個詞 fines(罰金)，修飾它的形容詞是lower, 故可推測 more lenient 與降低懲罰有關(guān)，只有C選項滿足。

34 答案 A has an impact on their decision

解析：題干中問的是 CSR record 與 prosecutors evaluate a case 的關(guān)系，根據(jù)題干內(nèi)容到對應(yīng)點：第五段第一句。本句說，...they do seem to be influenced by a company's recore in CSR.這里的 be influenced 與A選項 has an impact 對應(yīng)，故選A. 而B選項中的 reliable evidence, C 選項中的 the chance of being penalized 在原文中沒有體現(xiàn)。D選項中的 investigation 與題干中的 When prosecutors evaluate a case 明顯對應(yīng)不上，故不予考慮。

35 答案 B The necessary amount of companies’ spending on it is unknown

解析：該題是一道判斷題，題干問的是有關(guān)CSR哪個是對的。先根據(jù)CSR回到最后一段，定位到末段首句。首句提到“研究人員承認(rèn)到其研究沒有回答如下問題：公司應(yīng)該在CSR方面花費多少錢”。選項B的意思是公司在其方面的花費是未知的，屬于原文的同義替換。

Text 4

There will eventually come a day when The New York Times ceases to publish stories on newsprint. Exactly when that day will be is a matter of debate. “Sometime in the future”, the paper’s publisher said back in 2010.

Nostalgia for ink on paper and the rustle of pages aside, there’s plenty of incentive to ditch print. The infrastructure required to make a physical newspaper — printing presses, delivery trucks — isn’t just expensive; it’s excessive at a time when online-only competitors don’t have the same set of financial constraints. Readers are migrating away from print away. And though print ad sales still dwarf their online and mobile counterparts, revenue from print is still declining.

Overhead may be high and circulation lower, but rushing to eliminate its print edition would be a mistake, says BuzzFeed CEO Joah Peretti.

Peretti says the Times shouldn’t waste time getting out of the print business, but only if they go about doing it the right way.” Fighting out a way to accelerate that transition would make sense of them,” he said, “but if you discontinue it, you’re going to have your most loyal customers really upset with you.”

Sometimes that’s worth making a change anyway. Peretti gives the example seen as a blunder,” he said. The move turned out to be foresighted. And if Peretti would raise prices and make it into more of a legacy product.”

The most loyal customers would still get the product they favor, the idea goes, and they’d feel like they were helping sustain the quality of something they believe in. “So if you’re overpaying for print, you could feel like you were helping,”Peretti said. “Then increase it at a higher rate each year and essentially try to generate additional revenue.”In other words, if you’re going to make a print product ,make it for the people who are already obsessed with it. Which way be what the Times is doing already. Getting the print edition seven days a week costs $500 a year — more than twice as much as a digital-only subscription.

“It’s a really hard thing to do and it’s a tremendous luxury that BuzzFeed doesn’t have a legacy business,”Peretti remarked. “But we’re going to have questions like that where we have things we’re doing that don’t make sense when the market changes and the world changes. In those situations, it’s better to be more aggressive than less aggressive. ”

36.The New York Times is considering ending its print edition partly due to

[A]the pressure from its investors.

[B]the complaints from its readers.

[C]the high cost of operation.

[D]the increasing online ad sales.

37. Peretti suggests that, in face of the present situation, the Times should

[A]make strategic adjustments

[B]end the print edition for good.

[C]seek new sources of readership.

[D]aim for efficient management.

38. It can be inferred form Paragraphs 5 and 6 that a “legacy product”

[A]will have the cost of printing reduced.

[B]is meant for the most loyal customers.

[C]helps restore the glory of former times.

[D]expands the popularity of the paper.

39. Peretti believes that, in a changing world,

[A]traditional luxuries can stay unaffected.

[B]aggressiveness better meets challenges.

[C]cautiousness facilitates problem-solving.

[D]legacy businesses are becoming outdated.

40. Which of the following would be the best title of the text?

[A]Make Your Print Newspaper a Luxury Good.

[B]Keep Your Newspapers Forever in Fashion.

[C]Cherish the Newspaper Still in Your Hand.

[D]Shift to Online Newspapers All at Once.

36 答案 C the high cost of operation

解析：因果細(xì)節(jié)題，問的是紐約時報考慮停止紙質(zhì)版新聞印刷出版的原因是什么。文章首段首句即是此內(nèi)容的同義表達(dá)，二段解釋具體原因，二段二句內(nèi)容 The infrastructure isn't just expensive; it's excessive at a time when online-only competitors don't have the same set of financial constraints.意思是維持紙質(zhì)印刷的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)不僅僅是貴，是相當(dāng)貴， 而他們的競爭對手卻沒有這樣的經(jīng)濟上的限制。

37 答案 A make strategic adjustments

解析：細(xì)節(jié)題，問的是面對目前的形勢，Peretti建議時代雜志怎么做，根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞Peretti回文定位至第四段，首句內(nèi)容是Peretti說時代雜志不該浪費時間去想著如何停止紙質(zhì)印刷，而應(yīng)該找到一種正確的方法去解決這件事。接著二句往后在具體說明該如何正確解決目前的問題。由此推出答案是A 做出策略上的調(diào)整。

38 答案 B is meant for the most loyal customers

解析：推斷題與詞匯題的結(jié)合，要根據(jù)上下文來做出選擇。首先定位在第五段最后一句：I would raise prices and make it into more of a legacy product. 不僅要提高價格還要將它變?yōu)橐环N可以傳承的產(chǎn)物。單單這一句不足以做出選擇。需要繼續(xù)往下看在第六段中有沒有對于這個詞的解釋之類的。第六段開頭提到了他認(rèn)為most consumer 依舊堅持去相信他們認(rèn)為好的東西，喜歡的，相信的東西。如果可以每年增加一些比例，那么依舊是可以創(chuàng)收的。長篇大段的敘述可以讓大家明白這個詞一定跟consumer有關(guān)。最為關(guān)鍵的是：緊接著出現(xiàn)了 in other world， 重述上文，不過卻簡潔的總結(jié)了前文。如果我們要做這些print product， 那就選擇那些已經(jīng)癡迷于他們的人吧。(那么對于他們來講就是一件可以傳承的東西了，以前喜歡，會依舊喜歡下去)。所以這句為做題的關(guān)鍵，對應(yīng)同義替換，選擇B。

A選項中的降低成本沒有在文中相應(yīng)位置涉及到。 C重建以往的關(guān)榮，與消費者關(guān)系不大 D擴大受歡迎程度，范圍過大。

39 答案 B aggressiveness better meets challenges

解析：觀點態(tài)度題。偏細(xì)節(jié)題。定位Peretti在文中的觀點，首次出現(xiàn)在第三段 overhead…but rushing to eliminate its print edition would be a mistake.并且一直貫穿于下文。我們首先從選項來看。A 中…can stay unaffected 過于絕對，不選。D 選項中l(wèi)egacy business 不是文中的討論話題，所以可以直接排除。而C選項中謹(jǐn)慎可以促進問題的解決，在perreti的觀點中根本沒有體現(xiàn)，相反他建議要有所改變，并且要找對方式，言下之意就是大膽去面對挑戰(zhàn)。所以最終確定是B。

40 答案 A Make Your Print Newspaper a Luxury Good

解析：主旨題。出現(xiàn)在最后一道題目中，全文共有7段，根據(jù)上面的細(xì)節(jié)題目，大致可以確定本文的中心詞為“print newspaper”B，C 兩個選項中的newspaper 都屬于范圍過大，是主旨題的典型錯誤選項，而D選項中出現(xiàn)的online newspaper 只是文中print newspaper時提到的一個面臨的 一個挑戰(zhàn)，不足以引領(lǐng)全文，并且all at once, 是“立刻，馬上”之意，與原文的觀點也有出入，最終確定選A。

考研英語二真題閱讀

Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension

Part A

Directions：Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)

Text 1

It’s true that high-school coding classes aren’t essential for learning computer science in college. Students without experience can catch up after a few introductory courses, said Tom Cortina, the assistant dean at Carnegie Mellon’s School of Computer Science.

However, Cortina said, early exposure is beneficial. When younger kids learn computer science, they learn that it’s not just a confusing, endless string of letters and numbers — but a tool to build apps, or create artwork, or test hypotheses. It’s not as hard for them to transform their thought processes as it is for older students. Breaking down problems into bite-sized chunks and using code to solve them becomes normal. Giving more children this training could increase the number of people interested in the field and help fill the jobs gap, Cortina said.

Students also benefit from learning something about coding before they get to college, where introductory computer-science classes are packed to the brim, which can drive the less-experienced or-determined students away.

The Flatiron School, where people pay to learn programming, started as one of the many coding bootcamps that’s become popular for adults looking for a career change. The high-schoolers get the same curriculum, but “we try to gear lessons toward things they’re interested in,” said Victoria Friedman, an instructor. For instance, one of the apps the students are developing suggests movies based on your mood.

The students in the Flatiron class probably won’t drop out of high school and build the next Facebook. Programming languages have a quick turnover, so the “Ruby on Rails” language they learned may not even be relevant by the time they enter the job market. But the skills they learn — how to think logically through a problem and

organize the results — apply to any coding language, said Deborah Seehorn, an education consultant for the state of North Carolina.

Indeed, the Flatiron students might not go into IT at all. But creating a future army of coders is not the sole purpose of the classes. These kids are going to be surrounded by computers — in their pockets, in their offices, in their homes — for the rest of their lives. The younger they learn how computers think, how to coax the machine into producing what they want — the earlier they learn that they have the power to do that — the better.

21. Cortina holds that early exposure to computer science makes it easier to____.

A. complete future job training

B. remodel the way of thinking

C. formulate logical hypotheses

D. perfect artwork production

22. In delivering lessons for high-schoolers, Flatiron has considered their____.

A. experience

B. academic backgrounds

C. career prospects

D. interest

23. Deborah Seehorn believes that the skills learned at Flatiron will____.

A. help students learn other computer languages

B. have to be upgraded when new technologies come

C. need improving when students look for jobs

D. enable students to make big quick money

24. According to the last paragraph, Flatiron students are expected to____.

A. compete with a future army of programmers

B. stay longer in the information technology industry

C. become better prepared for the digitalized world

D. bring forth innovative computer technologies

25. The word “coax” (Line4, Para.6) is closest in meaning to____.

A. challenge

B. persuade

C. frighten

D. misguide

Text 2

Biologists estimate that as many as 2 million lesser prairie chickens---a kind of bird living on stretching grasslands—once lent red to the often gray landscape of the midwestern and southwestern United States. But just some 22,000 birds remain today, occupying about 16% of the species’ historic range.

The crash was a major reason the U.S Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS)decided to formally list the bird as threatened. “The lesser prairie chicken is in a desperate situation,” said USFWS Director Daniel Ashe. Some environmentalists, however, were disappointed. They had pushed the agency to designate the bird as “endangered,” a status that gives federal officials greater regulatory power to crack down on threats. But Ashe and others argued that the“threatened” tag gave the federal government flexibility to try out new, potentially less confrontational conservations approaches. In particular, they called for forging closer collaborations with western state governments, which are often uneasy with federal action and with the private landowners who control an estimated 95% of the prairie chicken’s habitat.

Under the plan, for example, the agency said it would not prosecute landowner or businesses that unintentionally kill, harm, or disturb the bird, as long as they had signed a range—wide management plan to restore prairie chicken habitat. Negotiated by USFWS and the states, the plan requires individuals and businesses that damage habitat as part of their operations to pay into a fund to replace every acre destroyed with 2 new acres of suitable habitat. The fund will also be used to compensate landowners who set aside habitat, USFWS also set an interim goal of restoring prairie chicken populations to an annual average of 67,000 birds over the next 10 years. And it gives the Western Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies (WAFWA), a coalition of state agencies, the job of monitoring progress. Overall, the idea is to let “states” remain in the driver’s seat for managing the species，” Ashe said.

Not everyone buys the win-win rhetoric Some Congress members are trying to block the plan, and at least a dozen industry groups, four states, and three environmental groups are challenging it in federal court Not surprisingly, doesn’t go far enough “The federal government is giving responsibility for managing the bird to the same industries that are pushing it to extinction,” says biologist Jay Lininger.

26. The major reason for listing the lesser prairie as threatened is____

[A]its drastically decreased population

[B]the underestimate of the grassland acreage

[C]a desperate appeal from some biologists

[D]the insistence of private landowners

27.The “threatened” tag disappointed some environmentalists in that it_____

[A]was a give-in to governmental pressure

[B]would involve fewer agencies in action

[C]granted less federal regulatory power

[D]went against conservation policies

28.It can be learned from Paragraph3 that unintentional harm-doers will not be prosecuted if they_____

[A]agree to pay a sum for compensation

[B]volunteer to set up an equally big habitat

[C]offer to support the WAFWA monitoring job

[D]promise to raise funds for USFWS operations

29.According to Ashe， the leading role in managing the species in______

[A]the federal government

[B]the wildlife agencies

[C]the landowners

[D]the states

30.Jay Lininger would most likely support_______

[A]industry groups

[B]the win-win rhetoric

[C]environmental groups

[D]the plan under challenge

Text 3

That everyone’s too busy these days is a cliché. But one specific complaint is made especially mournfully： There’s never any time to read.

What makes the problem thornier is that the usual time-management techniques don’t seem sufficient. The web’s full of articles offering tips on making time to read: “Give up TV” or “Carry a book with you at all times” But in my experience, using such methods to free up the odd 30 minutes doesn’t work. Sit down to read and the flywheel of work-related thoughts keeps spinning-or else you’re so exhausted that a challenging book’s the last thing you need. The modern mind, Tim Parks, a novelist and critic, writes, “is overwhelmingly inclined toward communication…It is not simply that one is interrupted; it is that one is actually inclined to interruption”. Deep reading requires not just time, but a special kind of time which can’t be obtained merely by becoming more efficient.

In fact, “becoming more efficient” is part of the problem. Thinking of time as a resource to be maximised means you approach it instrumentally, judging any given moment as well spent only in so far as it advances progress toward some goal immersive reading, by contrast, depends on being willing to risk inefficiency, goallessness, even time-wasting. Try to slot it as a to-do list item and you’ll manage only goal-focused reading-useful, sometimes, but not the most fulfilling kind. “The future comes at us like empty bottles along an unstoppable and nearly infinite conveyor belt,” writes Gary Eberle in his book Sacred Time, and “we feel a pressure to fill these different-sized bottles (days, hours, minutes)as they pass, for if they get by without being filled, we will have wasted them”. No mind-set could be worse for losing yourself in a book.

So what does work? Perhaps surprisingly, scheduling regular times for reading. You’d think this might fuel the efficiency mind-set, but in fact, Eberle notes, such ritualistic behaviour helps us “step outside time’s flow” into “soul time”. You could limit distractions by reading only physical books, or on single-purpose e-readers. “Carry a book with you at all times” can actually work, too-providing you dip in often enough, so that reading becomes the default state from which you temporarily surface to take care of business, before dropping back down. On a really good day, it no longer feels as if you’re “making time to read,” but just reading, and making time for everything else.

31. The usual time-management techniques don’t work because

[A] what they can offer does not ease the modern mind

[B] what challenging books demand is repetitive reading

[C] what people often forget is carrying a book with them

[D] what deep reading requires cannot be guaranteed

32. The “empty bottles” metaphor illustrates that people feel a pressure to

[A] update their to-do lists

[B] make passing time fulfilling

[C] carry their plans through

[D] pursue carefree reading

33. Eberle would agree that scheduling regular times for reading helps

[A] encourage the efficiency mind-set

[B] develop online reading habits

[C] promote ritualistic reading

[D] achieve immersive reading

34. “Carry a book with you at all times” can work if

[A] reading becomes your primary business of the day

[B] all the daily business has been promptly dealt with

[C] you are able to drop back to business after reading

[D] time can be evenly split for reading and business

35. The best title for this text could be

[A] How to Enjoy Easy Reading

[B] How to Find Time to Read

[C] How to Set Reading Goals

[D] How to Read Extensively

Text 4

Against a backdrop of drastic changes in economy and population structure, younger Americans are drawing a new 21st-century road map to success, a latest poll has found.

Across generational lines, Americans continue to prize many of the same traditional milestones of a successful life, including getting married, having children, owning a home, and retiring in their sixties. But while young and old mostly agree on what constitutes the finish line of a fulfilling life, they offer strikingly different paths for reaching it.

Young people who are still getting started in life were more likely than older adults to prioritize personal fulfillment in their work, to believe they will advance their careers most by regularly changing jobs, to favor communities with more public services and a faster pace of life, to agree that couples should be financially secure before getting married or having children, and to maintain that children are best served by two parents working outside the home, the survey found.

From career to community and family, these contrasts suggest that in the aftermath of the searing Great Recession, those just starting out in life are defining priorities and expectations that will increasingly spread through virtually all aspects of American life, from consumer preferences to housing patterns to politics.

Young and old converge on one key point: Overwhelming majorities of both groups said they believe it is harder for young people today to get started in life than it was for earlier generations. While younger people are somewhat more optimistic than their elders about the prospects for those starting out today, big majorities in both groups believe those “just getting started in life” face a tougher a good-paying job, starting a family, managing debt, and finding affordable housing.

Pete Schneider considers the climb tougher today. Schneider, a 27-yaear-old auto technician from the Chicago suburbs says he struggled to find a job after graduating from college. Even now that he is working steadily, he said.” I can’t afford to pay ma monthly mortgage payments on my own, so I have to rent rooms out to people to mark that happen.” Looking back, he is struck that his parents could provide a comfortable life for their children even though neither had completed college when he was young. “I still grew up in an upper middle-class home with parents who didn’t have college degrees,” Schneider said. “I don’t think people are capable of that anymore.”

36. One cross-generation mark of a successful life is_____.

[A] trying out different lifestyles

[B] having a family with children

[C] working beyond retirement age

[D] setting up a profitable business

37. It can be learned from Paragraph 3 that young people tend to ____.

[A] favor a slower life pace

[B] hold an occupation longer

[C] attach importance to pre-marital finance

[D] give priority to childcare outside the home

38. The priorities and expectations defined by the young will ____.

[A] become increasingly clear

[B] focus on materialistic issues

[C] depend largely on political preferences

[D] reach almost all aspects of American life

39. Both young and old agree that ____.

[A] good-paying jobs are less available

[B] the old made more life achievements

[C] housing loans today are easy to obtain

[D] getting established is harder for the young

40. Which of the following is true about Schneider?

[A] He found a dream job after graduating from college.

[B] His parents believe working steadily is a must for success.

[C] His parents’ good life has little to do with a college degree.

[D] He thinks his job as a technician quite challenging.

Text 1

21 答案 B remodel the way of thinking.

解析：此題是文中人物觀點題。根據(jù)Cortina定位到第二段前三句。Cortina認(rèn)為盡早接觸計算機科學(xué)是有益的。第三句It’s not as hard for them to transform their thought processes as it is for older students. 譯為在轉(zhuǎn)變思維程序方面小孩不像年齡較大的學(xué)生一樣困難，即B remodel the way of thinking 轉(zhuǎn)變思維方式即為同義替換。

22 答案 D interest

解析：此題是細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞Friedman定位到第四段第二句but之后引號里面內(nèi)容“我們試圖讓課程符合學(xué)生興趣”，故而D interest為正確答案。

23 答案 A help students learn other computer languages

解析：文中人物觀點題。題干問的是Deborah Seehorn認(rèn)為在Flatiron這里所學(xué)到的技能將能怎么樣，據(jù)此定位到第五段But處，和題干基本一致，該句指出“But the skills they learn…appl to any coding language”，意思是他們學(xué)到的技能可以應(yīng)用于任何編碼語言。對比答案選項，A選項的意思是“幫助學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)其他的計算機語言”屬于原文定位處的同義替換。

24 答案 C become better prepared for the digitalized world

解析：細(xì)節(jié)題。題干指出：根據(jù)最后一段，F(xiàn)latiron的學(xué)生被期望去干什么。據(jù)此定位到最后一段的These kids are going to be處，是題干的同義復(fù)現(xiàn)。定位句“These kids are…be surrounded by computers for the rest of their lives. The younger they learn how computers think…….the better.”，意思是學(xué)生們越早學(xué)越好。C選項“為數(shù)字化的未來做更好的準(zhǔn)備”是同義概述。

25 答案 B persuade

解析：詞義句意題，結(jié)合上下文來解題。根據(jù)coax此單詞，定位到最后一段最后一句“how to coax the machine into producing what they want”，考察固定搭配“persuade…into…”。A選項挑戰(zhàn)，B選項勸服，C選項使恐慌，D選項誤導(dǎo)。考生做題時一定要注意結(jié)合上下文來推測生詞的詞義，這是命題人的出題 規(guī)律。

Text 2

26 答案 A its drastically decreased population

解析：此題是原因細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞定位到第一段But前后關(guān)于lesser prairie chickens 數(shù)量2million和22,000的強烈對比。此外第二段第二句“the lesser prairie chicken is in a desperate situation”都可以得知A its drastically decreased population 數(shù)量的急劇下降為正確答案。

27 答案 C granted less federal regulatory powers

解析：此題是原因細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞定位到第二段第四句，They had …, a state that gives federal officials greater regulatory power. 而But 之后是截然相反的事實，即政府授予了更少的管理權(quán)。故而C granted less federal regulatory powers為正確答案。

28 答案 A agree to pay a sum for compensation

解析：推斷題。題干問的是從第三段推出來：無意傷害的那些人是不會被檢舉的如果怎么樣。根據(jù)題干定位到第三段首句“it would not prosecute….as long as ….”，題干中問的if即原文的as long as的同意替換，原文as long as的意思是：只要他們簽署了計劃。下一句說道，該計劃要求個體和企業(yè)去支付基金。對應(yīng)選項A選項“贊同支付賠償”屬于同義替換。

29 答案 D the states

解析：此題是細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞定位到第三段最后一句the idea is to let the“states”remain in the driver’s seat for managing the species, Ashe said. 其中in the driver’s seat對應(yīng)題干中的the leading role, 故而D states為正確答案。

30 答案 C environmental groups

解析：文中人物觀點題。題干問的是Jay Lininger最可能支持誰，大寫人名定位到末段最后一句。最后一句提到：生物學(xué)家Jay Lininger說道聯(lián)邦政府要把責(zé)任推給導(dǎo)致鳥類滅絕的企業(yè)，顯然是對政府和企業(yè)的反對。再往前看一句，指出：企業(yè)團體和政府部門觀點一致，環(huán)境學(xué)家與其觀點恰巧一致。因此，Jay Lininger最支持環(huán)境團體的觀點了。

Text 3

31 答案 D what deep reading requires cannot be guaranteed.

解析：因果細(xì)節(jié)題。題干指出：傳統(tǒng)的時間管理方法不起作用的原因是什么。根據(jù)題干定位到第二段首句指出the usual time-management techniques don’t seem sufficient，是題干的同義替換，但要找原因。整段都在分析過程環(huán)節(jié)，最終原因必然在該段末句提到。直接定位到該段末句，指出深入閱讀不僅需要時間，而且是一種僅僅通過有效無法獲得的一種時間。結(jié)合選項D，深入閱讀所需的無法得到確保，是原文末句的同義替換。

32 答案 B make passing time fulfilling

解析：題干問的是“empty bottles”暗喻證明了人們在做什么方面有壓力，empty bottles直接可以在文中Gary Eberle所說的話中找到：“The future comes at us like empty bottles…”。其所說的話證明的目的必然是為了說明前一句的觀點。因此，該題定位到三段“try to slot…but not the most fulfilling kind”，該句就指出：只會處理目標(biāo)集中的閱讀，這是有用的，但不是最有滿足感的。結(jié)合選項B使流逝的時間更有滿足感，是原文的同義替換。

33 答案 D achieve immersive reading

解析：文中人物觀點題，注意區(qū)分文中人物觀點和作者觀點。題干問的是Eberle贊同為閱讀設(shè)定規(guī)定性時間幫助什么。根據(jù)題干精確定位到第四段第二句：“You’d think this might fuel the efficiency mind-set, but in fact, E…..into soul time”，意思是你會認(rèn)為這可以提升效率性思維設(shè)定，但實際上這些行為幫助我們跨入到靈魂閱讀時間。對應(yīng)選項D，獲得深入閱讀，屬于同義替換。

34 答案 A reading becomes your primary business of the day

解析：細(xì)節(jié)題。題干指出：總是帶一本書會起作用如果怎么樣。根據(jù)題干定位到末段中間部分“carry a book with you at all times can actually work, too … so that reading becomes the default state from which you temporarily surface to take care of business.”，意思是這樣的話閱讀就成為默認(rèn)狀態(tài)，偶爾會出來管理工作(注意business并非默認(rèn)狀態(tài)，非主要事情)。對應(yīng)選項A 閱讀成為每天的主要任務(wù)，是該句的同義替換。

35 答案 B How to Find Time to Read

解析：標(biāo)題題，即全文中心主旨。通過題干，可發(fā)現(xiàn)題干關(guān)鍵詞中time復(fù)現(xiàn)多次，因此可確定time為全文的主題詞。整篇文章都圍繞閱讀時間來展開，因此正確答案為A如何尋找閱讀時間。

Text 4

36 答案 B having a family with children

解析：此題是細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞定位到第二段第一句Across generational lines,…including getting married, having children…即成功的標(biāo)志包括結(jié)婚生子，故而正確選項是B having a family with children.

37 答案 C attach importance to pre-marital finance

解析：此題是細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞定位到第三段第一句Young people…to agree that couples should be financially secure before getting married or having children…即年輕人認(rèn)為夫妻在結(jié)婚前或者生小孩前應(yīng)該在經(jīng)濟上是穩(wěn)定的，故而C attach importance to pre-marital finance為正確答案。

38 答案 D reach almost all aspects of American life

解析：此題是細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞定位到第四段第一句…those just starting…will increasingly spread through virtually all aspects …即這些期待即將滲透到美國生活的各個方面，故而D reach almost all aspects of American life為正確答案。

39 答案 D getting established is harder for the young

解析：此題是文中人物觀點題。根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞定位到第五段第一句…it is harder for young people today to get started in life than it was for earlier generations. 即與年長者相比，現(xiàn)如今的年輕人維持生計更加困難，故而D getting established is harder for the young為正確答案。

40 答案 C His parents’ good life has little to do with a college degree.

解析：此題是正誤判斷題。根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞定位到第六段第五句Looking back…his parents could provide a comfortable life for the children even though neither had completed college when he was young.即父母即便沒有上過大學(xué)但仍舊可以為孩子提供舒適的生活，故而His parents’ good life has little to do with a college degree.為正確答案。