2019考研英語一真題閱讀理解text1原文及答案解析

　　Text 1

　　Financial regulators in Britain have imposed a rather unusual rule on the bosses of big banks. Starting next year, any guaranteed bonus of top executives could be delayed 10 years if their banks are under investigation for wrongdoing. The main purpose of this “clawback” rule is to hold bankers accountable for harmful risk-taking and to restore public trust in financial institution. Yet officials also hope for a much larger benefit: more long term decision-making not only by banks but by all corporations, to build a stronger economy for future generations.

　　“Short-termism” or the desire for quick profits, has worsened in publicly traded companies, says the Bank of England’s top economist. Andrew Haldane. He quotes a giant of classical economics, Alfred Marshall, in describing this financial impatience as acting like “Children who pick the plums out of their pudding to eat them at once” rather than putting them aside to be eaten last.

　　The average time for holding a stock in both the United States and Britain, he notes, has dropped from seven years to seven months in recent decades. Transient investors, who demand high quarterly profits from companies, can hinder a firm’s efforts to invest in long-term research or to build up customer loyalty. This has been dubbed “quarterly capitalism”

　　In addition, new digital technologies have allowed more rapid trading of equities, quicker use of information, and thus shorters attention spans in financial markets. "There seems to be a predominance of short-term thinking at the expense of long-term investing,” said Commissioner Daniel Gallagher of the US Securities and Exchange Commission in a speech this week.

　　In the US, the Sarbanes-Oxley Acl of 2002 has pushed most public companies to defer performance bonuses for senior executives by about a year, slightly helping reduce “short -termism .” In its latest survey of CEO pay ,The Wall Street Journal finds that “a substantial part ” of executive pay is now tied to performance .

　　Much more could be done to encourage “long-termism，” such as changes in the tax code and quicker disclosure of stock acquisitions. In France, shareholders who hold onto a company investment for at least two years can sometimes earn more voting rights in a company.

　　Within companies, the right compensation design can provide incentives for executives to think beyond their own time at the company and on behalf of all stakeholders. Britain's new rule is a reminder to bankers that society has an interest in their performance, not just for the short term but for the long term.

　　21. According to Paragraph 1, one motive in imposing the new rule is the

　　A. enhance bankers’ sense of responsibility

　　B. help corporations achieve larger profits

　　C. build a new system of financial regulation

　　D. guarantee the bonuses of top executives

　　22. Alfred Marshall is quoted to indicate

　　A. the conditions for generating quick profits

　　B. governments’ impatience in decision-making

　　C. the solid structure of publicly traded companies

　　D. “short-termism” in economic activities

　　23. It is argued that the influence of transient investment on public companies can be

　　A. indirect

　　B. adverse

　　C. minimal

　　D. temporary

　　24. The US and France examples and used to illustrate

　　A. the obstacles to preventing “short-termism”.

　　B. the significance of long-term thinking.

　　C. the approaches to promoting “long-termism”.

　　D. the prevalence of short-term thinking.

　　25. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?

　　A. Failure of Quarterly Capitalism

　　B. Patience as a Corporate Virtue

　　C. Decisiveness Required of Top Executives

　　D. Frustration of Risk-taking Bankers

　　21. 答案【A】 enhance bankers’sense of responsibility

　　解析：本題目為細(xì)節(jié)題，考察具體細(xì)節(jié)。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞Paragraph 1和one motive in imposing the new rule定位到第一段第三句。The main purpose of this “clawback” rule is to hold bankers accountable for harmful risk-taking and to restore public trust in financial institution.這項(xiàng)“回扣”規(guī)則的主要目的是讓銀行家為有害的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)承擔(dān)責(zé)任，并恢復(fù)公眾對(duì)金融機(jī)構(gòu)的信任。正確答案A的enhance bankers’sense of responsibility增強(qiáng)銀行家的責(zé)任感,是原文的同義表達(dá)。干擾項(xiàng)B的help corporations achieve larger profits幫助公司獲得更大的利潤，并未提及，是常識(shí)性干擾。選項(xiàng)C的build a new system of financial regulation建立新的金融監(jiān)管體系，原文并未提及，屬于無中生有;選項(xiàng)D的guarantee the bonuses of top executives保證高層管理人員的獎(jiǎng)金與原文提到的 any guaranteed bonus of top executives could be delayed 10 years 任何有保證的高管獎(jiǎng)金都可能推遲10年，表述相反，屬于正反混淆。

　　22. 答案【D】 “short-termism” in economic activities

　　解析：本題目為例證題，考察論據(jù)和論點(diǎn)的內(nèi)容。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞Alfred Marshall地位到第二段三句，但是考察論點(diǎn)，定位到論據(jù)的上一句，“Short-termism” or the desire for quick profits, has worsened in publicly traded companies“短期主義”或?qū)焖佾@利的渴望，在公開交易的公司中變得更加嚴(yán)重。正確選項(xiàng)D short-termism” in economic activities經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)中的短期主義，其中主語short-termism是原文的原詞。干擾項(xiàng)A的the conditions for generating quick profits快速獲利的條件，并非論點(diǎn)內(nèi)容。選項(xiàng)B政府決策缺乏耐心，無關(guān)內(nèi)容。選項(xiàng)C the solid structure of publicly traded companies上市公司穩(wěn)健結(jié)構(gòu)，原文并未提及。

　　23. 答案【B】 adverse

　　解析：本題目為細(xì)節(jié)題，考察具體細(xì)節(jié)內(nèi)容。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞the influence of transient investment on public companies定位到原文第三段第二句，. Transient investors, who demand high quarterly profits from companies, can hinder a firm’s efforts to invest in long-term research or to build up customer loyalty. 會(huì)妨礙公司投資于長期研究或建立客戶忠誠度的努力，因此可知此影響是不好的，正確選項(xiàng)B adverse不利的，A選項(xiàng) indirect，不直接的 選項(xiàng)C minima 極小值 D temporary 暫時(shí)的，因此只有B正確。

　　24. 答案【C】 the approaches to promoting “long-termism”.

　　解析：本題目為例證題，考察論點(diǎn)論據(jù)內(nèi)容。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞US and France examples定位到原文五六段，五段為美國的例子，六段為法國的例子，第六段首句承前啟后過渡到Much more could be done to encourage “long-termism，”要鼓勵(lì)“長期主義”，還有很多工作要做。正確選項(xiàng)C the approaches to promoting “long-termism”.促進(jìn)“長期主義”的方法。為原文的同意轉(zhuǎn)換

　　25 答案【B】 Patience as a Corporate Virtue

　　解析：本題目為主旨題，考察全文的主旨要義。縱觀全文，文章圍繞西方國家的金融行業(yè)的短期主義投資和長期主義投資展開，第一段由一項(xiàng)限制高管津貼措施引出話題。第二段介紹英國短期主義占主流，三段短期主義的弊端，四段介紹美國現(xiàn)階段的短期主義投資。五段六段舉例美國，法國為促進(jìn)短期主義投資的措施，尾段再次呼應(yīng)首段，注意長期投資。B 選項(xiàng)Patience對(duì)應(yīng)原文的short temisim和 long temisim, corporate原文多次出現(xiàn)，為本文的關(guān)鍵詞，選項(xiàng)A Failure of Quarterly Capitalism 季度資本主義的失敗選項(xiàng)C Decisiveness Required of Top Executives高管需要決斷力D Frustration of Risk-taking Bankers 冒險(xiǎn)銀行家的挫敗感，都不能概括全文，只有B選項(xiàng)正確

　　(本文為跨考教育教研室老師原創(chuàng)，轉(zhuǎn)載請(qǐng)注明出處。)