2021考研語法系列必考知識(shí)點(diǎn)：名詞性從句

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　　在2021考研路上英語復(fù)習(xí)一直是一道難以跨越的砍，不管是閱讀翻譯還是寫作都要把握好語法句式。其中語法是考研英語的基礎(chǔ)，這部分在研究生英語考試中不再單獨(dú)考查，但是語法知識(shí)貫穿在整個(gè)英語考卷的各個(gè)題型中。下面小編給大家詳細(xì)講解一下2021考研語法?？贾R(shí)點(diǎn)：名詞性從句，希望可以對(duì)同學(xué)們的復(fù)習(xí)能有所幫助!

　　在主從復(fù)合句中，從句可以充當(dāng)主句的主語、表語、賓語或同位語。由于在多數(shù)情況下，主語、表語、賓語或同位語這四種句子成分由名詞性詞類充當(dāng)，所以，我們把這些作用相當(dāng)于名詞的從句統(tǒng)稱為名詞性從句，把充當(dāng)主語、表語、賓語或同位語的從句分別稱為主語從句、表語從句、賓語從句或同位語從句。也就是說充當(dāng)什么成分就叫什么從句。名詞性從句由連接詞(或關(guān)聯(lián)詞)引導(dǎo)。

　　常用的連接詞有：

連接詞	作用
whether是否 that（本身無詞義）	只起連接詞作用，引導(dǎo)從句，在從句中不作任何成分 在從句中分別作主語、賓語和定語
who，whom，whose which哪一個(gè) what什么，所…的	在從句中分別作主語、賓語和定語 在從句中分別作主語、賓語和定語 除了起連接詞作用外，還在從句中作狀語
when什么時(shí)候，where什么地方 how怎樣，怎么，why為什么

　　疑問詞(who, whom, whose, what, which, where, why, when, how)可以引導(dǎo)主語、賓語和表語從句。

　　它們的特點(diǎn)是：1、疑問詞有本身的詞義;2、疑問詞在從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)句子成分，如主語、賓語或狀語;3、這種疑問詞引導(dǎo)的從句一律用陳述語序，不能用疑問語序。

　　For example:

　　Do you know whom they are looking for? 你知道他們?cè)谡艺l嗎?(賓語從句，陳述語序。不能是whom are they looking for?)

　　I don’t know who did it. 我不知道這是誰干的。(賓語從句。在從句中如果疑問詞作主語，其陳述語序和疑問語序一致。)

　　She asked me where I had been. 她問我到哪兒去了。(賓語從句。陳述語序，不能是where had I been. 直接引語，間接引語。注意這句話的時(shí)態(tài)。)

　　Can you tell me when the train will arrive? 你能告訴我火車什么時(shí)候到嗎?(賓語從句。陳述語序，不能是when will the train arrive. 直接引語，間接引語。)

　　I don’t know why he hasn’t come yet. 我不知道他為什么還沒來。(賓語從句，陳述語序。不能是why hasn’t he come yet.)

　　He didn’t tell me what you were doing. 他沒和我說你在干什么。(賓語從句，陳述語序。不能是what were you doing.)

　　What you have done might do harm t other people. 你所做過的事情有可能傷害別人。(主語從句。what 作從句的賓語。陳述語序，不能是what have you done. 如果用疑問語序，意思發(fā)生了變化，成了“你做了什么?”。)

　　I don’t know where he is now. 我不知道他現(xiàn)在在哪里。(賓語從句，陳述語序。不能是where is he now.)

　　Where he went for his weekend is not known. 不知道他去哪里過的周末。(主語從句，where 作從句的地點(diǎn)狀語。陳述語序，不能是where did he go for his weekend.)

　　Whose fault this is is not important. 這是誰的過錯(cuò)并不重要。(主語從句，whose 作從句的定語。陳述語序，不能是whose fault is this.)

　　What I want to know is where he has gone for his weekend. 我想知道的是他到哪里度周末去了。(這句話包含兩個(gè)名詞性從句：what I want to know是主語從句，what 在從句中作賓語，從句用陳述語序，不能是What do I want to know. Where he has gone for his weekend 是表語從句，where 在從句中作狀語，從句用陳述語序，不能是where has he gone for his weekend.)

　　下面分述主語從句、賓語從句、同位語從句和表語從句。

　　A主語從句

　　1.that 引導(dǎo)主語從句時(shí)，that 沒有意義，但不能省略。(that 引導(dǎo)賓語從句時(shí)可以省略。)

　　For example:

　　It worried her a bit that her hair was turning gray. 她的頭發(fā)正在變白，這使她很不安。that引導(dǎo)主語從句，it 作形式主語，that 不能省略。

　　That she is a rich woman is known to us all. 眾所周知，她是個(gè)富有的女人。這是that 引導(dǎo)主語從句，that 不能省略。這句話可以改為用it 作形式主語的句型。請(qǐng)同學(xué)們改寫：It is known to us all that she is a rich woman.)

　　We didn’t know (that) you had sold your house. 我們不知道你已經(jīng)把你的房子賣了。這是that引導(dǎo)賓語從句，that 可以省略。注意這句話的時(shí)態(tài)。

　　2.從句作主語時(shí)，多數(shù)情況下由 it 作形式主語，而把主語從句放在后面，尤其是謂語部分(包括賓語)較短的情況下。

　　For example:

　　It wasn’t very clear what she meant. 不清楚她是什么意思。

　　It is important that he should come on time. 他按時(shí)來是很重要的。

　　It is true that that man on the left is a well-known writer here. 左邊那個(gè)人是本地的一位著名作家，這是真的。這里，第一個(gè)that 引導(dǎo)主語從句，是單純的連詞，無詞義，不作句子成分。第二個(gè)that 是指示代詞，作句子成分，是man 的定語。

　　3.whether 既可以引導(dǎo)主語從句也可以引導(dǎo)賓語從句，但if不能引導(dǎo)主語從句。whether 后面可以加or not, 而if 不能與or not 連用。作介詞賓語時(shí)不用if.

　　For example:

　　Whether I knew John doesn’t matter. = It doesn’t matter whether I knew John. 我是否認(rèn)識(shí)約翰沒有關(guān)系。

　　Whether or not she’ll come isn’t clear. = Whether she’ll come or not isn’t clear. = It isn’t clear whether …. 她是否來還不清楚。

　　It all depends on whether we can get their cooperation. 這是主語從句還是賓語從句?it 是形式主語嗎?it 是代詞，whether 引導(dǎo)的是賓語從句，作介詞on 的賓語，不能用if引導(dǎo)。請(qǐng)翻譯這句話。這完全取決于我們是否能得到他們的合作。

　　I worry about whether I hurt her feelings. 賓語從句，介詞賓語，不能用if 引導(dǎo)。請(qǐng)翻譯這句話。

　　She asked me whether/if you were married. 賓語從句，既可以用whether, 又可以用if 引導(dǎo)。注意時(shí)態(tài)的對(duì)應(yīng)。請(qǐng)翻譯這句話。

　　We haven’t decided whether/if we shall give them aid.

　　I’m not sure whether/if the report is believable.

　　Now let’s do some translation:

　　現(xiàn)在還很難測誰會(huì)贏得下一屆總統(tǒng)選舉。

　　It is still hard to predict who will win the next presidential election.

　　對(duì)于多數(shù)公民來說，誰當(dāng)選總統(tǒng)無關(guān)緊要。

　　Who will become the president doesn’t matter much to most citizens.

　　這位前總統(tǒng)是否會(huì)被判處死刑還有待觀察。It remains to be seen whether the ex-president will be sentenced to death.

　　真可惜，王教授不能出席我們的英語晚會(huì)。

　　It is a pity that Prof. Wang can’t attend our English Evening.

　　我們需要的是更多的時(shí)間。

　　What we need is more time.

　　B賓語從句

　　賓語從句

　　在謂語動(dòng)詞、介詞、動(dòng)詞不定式、分詞、動(dòng)名詞之后都可以帶有賓語從句。某些形容詞如sure, happy, glad, certain, pleased 等之后也可以帶有賓語從句。

　　1.that 引導(dǎo)的賓語從句: that 沒有意義，在口語或非正式文體中常省略：如：

　　I really feel she’s making a mistake. 我的確感到她正犯錯(cuò)誤。

　　James said (that) he was feeling better. 詹姆斯說他感到好些了。

　　Hearing that his son was badly wounded, he hurried to the hospital to see him. 聽說兒子受了重傷，他急忙趕到醫(yī)院去看望他。

　　I suggested that we should go home. 我建議我們回家去。虛擬語氣，that 一般不能省略。

　　2.whether/if (是否)引導(dǎo)的賓語從句：如果要突出“究竟是…還是不…”，常在whether 后面加or not; if 一般不與or not連用。如：

　　He asked me if/whether I knew John. 他問我是否認(rèn)識(shí)約翰。

　　Let me know whether you can come or not. 你能來還是不能來，告訴我一聲。

　　3.在think, believe, suppose, expect 等動(dòng)詞的賓語從句中，否定不用在從句中，而是將think 等詞變?yōu)榉穸ㄐ问健?/p>

　　For example:

　　I don’t think the film is interesting. 我覺得這部電影沒什么意思。

　　I don’t suppose we are going outing tomorrow. 我認(rèn)為我們明天不會(huì)出去郊游。

　　4.如果從句作賓語而后面還有補(bǔ)語，為了保持句子的平衡，用it 作形式賓語，而將賓語從句放在句尾。常跟這樣的復(fù)合賓語的動(dòng)詞有：make, find, see, hear, feel, think, consider, regard, take….for granted等。如：

　　George made it clear that he opposed this project. 喬治已明確表示他反對(duì)這個(gè)項(xiàng)目。it 代表that 引導(dǎo)的句子，作賓語，clear 是賓語補(bǔ)足語。

　　They kept it quiet that he was dead. 對(duì)他已經(jīng)死亡的消息，他們秘而不宣。

　　I took it for granted that you’d stay with us. 我想當(dāng)然認(rèn)為你會(huì)和我們呆在一起。

　　C 同位語從句

　　同位語從句是對(duì)名詞的內(nèi)容給予具體、詳細(xì)的說明。常在后面接同位語從句的名詞有fact, news, idea, truth, hope, suggestion, question, problem, doubt, fear, belief等。同位語從句常用的引導(dǎo)詞為that,有是也用when, where 等疑問詞。如：

　　The news that the United States was hit by terrorist attacks took the whole world by surprise. 美國受到恐怖主義分子襲擊的消息令全世界吃驚。

　　The idea that you can do this work well without thinking is quite wrong. 你認(rèn)為不動(dòng)腦筋就能做好這件工作的想法是完全錯(cuò)誤的。

　　People used to hold the belief that the earth was the center of the universe. 人們?cè)J(rèn)為地球是宇宙的中心。

　　The difficulty lies in the fact that we are short of money. 困難在于我們?nèi)狈Y金這個(gè)事實(shí)。

　　They have no idea at all where he has gone. 他們一點(diǎn)兒也不知道他去哪兒了。

　　注意：同位語從句的that 只是引導(dǎo)詞，沒有其他語法作用，在句子中不作句子成分，不能省略;而定語從句中的that 除了引導(dǎo)定語從句外，還是定語從句的一個(gè)成分，在定語從句中作主語或賓語，作主語時(shí)不能省略，作賓語時(shí)可以省略。如：

　　The idea that some peoples are superior to others is sheer nonsense. 有些民族優(yōu)越于其他民族這種想法簡直荒謬。(請(qǐng)辨別是同位語從句還是定語從句。)(同位語從句)

　　The idea that he proposed at the meeting is sheer nonsense. 他在會(huì)議上提出的這個(gè)想法簡直荒謬。(請(qǐng)辨別是同位語從句還是定語從句。)(定語從句)

　　No one is happy with the fact that he found out. 沒有人對(duì)他發(fā)現(xiàn)的事實(shí)感到高興。(請(qǐng)辨別是同位語從句還是定語從句。)(定語從句)

　　No one is happy with the fact that he will become their boss. 沒有人對(duì)他將成為他們的老板這一事實(shí)感到高興。(請(qǐng)辨別是同位語從句還是定語從句。)(同位語從句)

　　D表語從句

　　表語從句位于主句的連系動(dòng)詞之后，在非正式文體中引導(dǎo)詞that可以省略。如：

　　That’s not what I want. 那不是我要的。

　　That’s why I have come. 那就是我為什么來了。

　　My opinion is that things will improve. 我的意見是事情會(huì)好起來的。

　　One advantage of solar energy is that it will never run out. 太陽能的一個(gè)優(yōu)點(diǎn)是永遠(yuǎn)也不會(huì)枯竭。

　　The truth is that he didn’t really try. 實(shí)際情況是他沒有真正努力。

　　The problem is who is to pay and when we can start. 問題是誰來付帳、我們又何時(shí)開始。

　　The fact is that he didn’t notice the car until too late. 事實(shí)是他注意到車時(shí)已經(jīng)太晚了。

　　What surprised me was that he spoke English so well. 使我感到吃驚的是他英語講得那么好。

　　All I can say is that I have nothing to do with it. 我能說的就是我與此事沒有關(guān)系。

　　What I want to know is where we shall go and whether she will join us. 我想知道的是我們要去什么地方以及她是否加入我們。

　　表語從句位于主句的連系動(dòng)詞之后，在非正式文體中引導(dǎo)詞that可以省略。如：

　　The fact is that he didn’t notice the car until too late. 事實(shí)是他注意到車時(shí)已經(jīng)太晚了。

　　What surprised me was that he spoke English so well. 使我感到吃驚的是他英語講得那么好。

　　All I can say is that I have nothing to do with it. 我能說的就是我與此事沒有關(guān)系。

　　What I want to know is where we shall go and whether she will join us. 我想知道的是我們要去什么地方以及她是否加入我們。

　　此外，表語從句還可由as if (好像)引導(dǎo)。如：

　　It looked as if it was/were going to rain. (虛擬語氣)

　　Now let’s do some translation:

　　這就是她昨天請(qǐng)一天假的原因。

　　That is why she had a day off yesterday.

　　我的想法是，個(gè)人的權(quán)利應(yīng)該得到充分尊重。

　　My idea is that individual rights should be fully respected.

　　問題在于上帝是否真的存在。

　　The question is whether the God really exists.

　　我想知道的是，他是如何在這么短的時(shí)間內(nèi)完成這個(gè)項(xiàng)目的。

　　What I want to know is how he managed to complete the project in such a short time.

　　形容詞后的that 從句

　　that 引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句還可以用在一些形容詞后面。這種句型一般都用人作主語，所用的形容詞都是表示思想狀況或感情色彩的形容詞，如certain, sure, positive, afraid, convinced, anxious, disappointed, worried, glad, happy, sorry, amazed, surprised, aware, doubtful, confident等等。如：

　　I am sure/certain that he’s at home now. 我肯定他現(xiàn)在在家。

　　He became angry that you made the same mistake. 你犯了同樣的錯(cuò)誤，他生氣了。

　　He remains confident that he will win. 他仍然自信他會(huì)贏

　　She is aware that I can’t help her. 她知道我?guī)筒涣怂拿Α?/p>

　　I am glad that you’ve come. 你來了我很高興。

　　He appeared/seemed surprised that I said “no”. 我說不，他似乎很吃驚。

　　I am afraid that I can’t promise you anything. 恐怕我不能向你保證什么。

　　We were rather disappointed that you were not able to come yesterday. 昨天你沒能來我們有點(diǎn)失望。

　　I am a bit worried that she will not be able to make it. 我有點(diǎn)擔(dān)心她做不成這件事情。

　　what 從句的小結(jié)

　　1.意思是“所….的事/物”, 相當(dāng)于the thing(s) that…, that which…, 或those which… 可以用于以下情況：

　　(1) 引導(dǎo)主語從句。如：

　　What she saw frightened her. 她看到的事情嚇了她一跳。

　　What was once regarded as impossible has now become a reality. 曾經(jīng)被認(rèn)為不可能的事情，現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)變成了事實(shí)。

　　What I’m afraid of is their taking him to that place. 我怕的是他們帶他到那地方去。What we are worrying about is just her innocence. 我們擔(dān)心的是她的幼稚。

　　But what hurt our feelings most was the personal comment of the judge. 最傷我們感情的是法官的私下評(píng)論。

　　What will be, will be. 要發(fā)生的事總是要發(fā)生的。(諺語)

　　What is gone is gone. 過去的事就過去了。

　　(2) 引導(dǎo)表語從句。如：

　　That’s what I hope. 那就是我希望的。

　　I should like to be a teacher. That’s what I want to be. 我想當(dāng)老師，那是我想干的事。

　　Times are not what they used to be. 時(shí)代不同了。

　　He’s not what he was a few years ago. 他不是幾年前的他了。

　　Your health is not what it ought to be. 你的身體應(yīng)該更好。

　　(3) 引導(dǎo)賓語從句，包括介詞賓語。如：

　　He could not express what he felt. 他不能表達(dá)他的感受。

　　Well, I’ll do what I can. 好吧，我盡力。

　　I can’t do what you’ve just asked of me. 我不能做你剛才要求我的事。

　　And having got what he wanted, he took his hat and went away. 得到了他要的東西，他拿上帽子就走了。

　　As a friend of yours, I want to tell you what I hear. 作為你的朋友，我想告訴你我所聽到的。

　　The father began to criticize what the boy had done. 父親開始批評(píng)男孩所做的事。(注意時(shí)態(tài))

　　She was not happy at what he had said. 她對(duì)他說的話不高興。

　　Don’t poke your nose into what doesn’t concern you. 不要多管閑事。

　　The city is different from what it was ten years ago. 這座城市和十年前不同了。

　　It was a small place then compared to what it is now. 和現(xiàn)在比起來，它那時(shí)候是個(gè)小地方。

　　The father began to criticize what the boy had done. 父親開始批評(píng)男孩所做的事。(注意時(shí)態(tài))

　　She was not happy at what he had said. 她對(duì)他說的話不高興。

　　Don’t poke your nose into what doesn’t concern you. 不要多管閑事。

　　The city is different from what it was ten years ago. 這座城市和十年前不同了。

　　It was a small place then compared to what it is now. 和現(xiàn)在比起來，它那時(shí)候是個(gè)小地方。

　　I don’t care about money or what people call position. 我不在乎金錢或者別人所謂的地位。

　　Philip was depressed by what he had gone through. Philip經(jīng)歷過的事情使他很消沉。

　　They paid fifty percent of what they were able to earn to the state. 他們能掙來的東西，百分之五十交給了國家。

　　2.用作插入語，指代后面的成分。這和非限定性定語從句正好相反，非限定性定語從句指代的是前面的成分。如：

　　Then I discovered, what was news to me, that his wife was Mary’s niece. 后來我發(fā)現(xiàn)，他妻子原來是Mary的侄女，這對(duì)我是個(gè)新聞。

　　He never joined in the usual sports of the boys, and, what is remarkable, never went out in a boat on the river. 他從來不參加男孩子通常做的體育活動(dòng)，更奇怪的是，他從來不坐船出去到河上面去。

　　He’s an interesting speaker, and, what is more important, he knows his subject thoroughly. 他講話生動(dòng)有趣，更重要的是，他對(duì)課題了如指掌。

　　He went to the meeting and, what was worse, insisted on speaking. 他去參加了會(huì)議，而且更糟糕的是，他堅(jiān)持要發(fā)言。

　　It is a useful book, and, what is more, not an expensive one. 這是本很有用的書，再說也不貴。

　　You’ll have nobody but yourself to blame, and, what’s more, you’ll get no sympathy from anybody. 你怪不著別人，只能怪你自己;還有，你得不到任何人的同情。

　　We invited a new speaker and, what’s more, he was happy to come. 我們請(qǐng)到了一位新的發(fā)言人，而且他很樂意來。

　　3.引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句，等于“不管什么…”。注意狀語從句的語序。如：

　　Do what she would, she could not invent a reason for not going. 不管她會(huì)做什么，她都編不出不去的理由。狀語從句把實(shí)義動(dòng)詞放在句首，句子倒裝。=No matter what she would do, …

　　Come what may, you’ll always keep it secret. 無論怎樣，你都要保守秘密。=No matter what may come, ….

　　Jack has made up his mind that, come what might, he would stay there. Jack已經(jīng)拿定主意，無論如何他也要呆在那里。=…no matter what might come, …

　　Say what he will, in his heart he knows that he is wrong. 不管他怎么說，內(nèi)心里他知道自己錯(cuò)了。= No matter what he will say.

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