考研英語(yǔ)閱讀材料匯編之健康類(4)

復(fù)習(xí)緊張，焦頭爛額？逆風(fēng)輕襲，來(lái)跨考秋季集訓(xùn)營(yíng)，幫你尋方法，定方案！ 了解一下>>

閱讀是考研英語(yǔ)的重要題型之一，也是保障英語(yǔ)成績(jī)的關(guān)鍵題目。因此，考研學(xué)子們要充分重視英語(yǔ)閱讀，除了平時(shí)多多閱讀英語(yǔ)雜志、報(bào)紙外，還需要針對(duì)閱讀進(jìn)行專項(xiàng)訓(xùn)練。小編整理了關(guān)于考研英語(yǔ)閱讀題源的系列文章——考研英語(yǔ)閱讀材料匯編之健康類(4)，請(qǐng)參考!

Teaching Doctors to Teach Patients about Lifestyle

Everybody knows that diet, exercise and other aspects of lifestyle play a significant role in health. But the specifics are less well understood.

To what extent does lifestyle cause or contribute to disease and disability? And what exactly is a healthy lifestyle anyway? There is much confusion about what type of diet or exercise is best, not to mention how much sleep, stress or sex is ideal. Nor is it clear how best to motivate people to change their habits.

This lack of clarity has inspired a growing movement to inform health professionals and patients about the importance of lifestyle in preventing and treating disease. Its aims are to disseminate scientific research about what it means to live well and to encourage doctors and other providers to incorporate this knowledge into their practices.

Two years ago, a group of doctors founded an organization with the goal of making lifestyle medicine a credentialed clinical specialty and a part of basic medical training. Symptomatically treating disease without assessing patients' lifestyles or offering them guidance on how to change is "irresponsible and bordering on neglect," said Dr. John H. Kelly Jr. , president of the fledgling organization, the American College of Lifestyle Medicine.

A professor of preventive medicine at the Loma Linda University School of Medicine in California, Dr. Kelly said the group was formed because of people like his uncle.

Given a diagnosis of heart disease, the uncle had a stent surgically implanted to open a clogged artery but received no advice on how he might change his lifestyle, even though research shows that diet, exercise and stress management could greatly improve his condition.

Dr. Kelly says lifestyle medicine is essential in fighting the national epidemics of obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular disease. "We cannot solve the health problems of society unless we change our focus from acute, episodic care to health promotion and wellness-lifestyle medicine," he said.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reports that 1.7 million Americans die and 25 million are disabled each year by chronic diseases caused or made worse by unhealthy lifestyles. And a 2005 study in The New England Journal of Medicine predicted that average life expectancy in the United States would decline in the next 20 years as a result of unhealthy lifestyles, reversing a trend dating to the 1850s. The American College of Lifestyle Medicine has 150 members in a wide array of specialties-nutritionists, ophthalmologists, gastroenterologists and oncologists, among others. Helping their cause is a new publication, The American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine, which appears every other month with peer-reviewed research on the way daily habits affect health.

"Bottom line is we want to promote the science, education and practice of lifestyle medicine,'' Dr. Kelly said.

Lifestyle medicine proponents include researchers and clinicians from the fields of medicine and public health. While they agree on the importance of questioning patients about their lifestyles and giving tailored advice on how to make improvements, there remains disagreement about who should provide such counseling and with what sort of training. Nor is there a widely accepted prescriptive approach for encouraging patient compliance.

“We know lifestyle interventions can be very powerful, often more effective than drugs or surgery," said Dr. JoAnn Manson, a professor of epidemiology at Harvard's School of Public Health and a member of the editorial board of the new journal. “But we need to provide the scientific evidence an how to incorporate that knowledge into practice."

Doctors may vaguely recommend that patients lose weight or get more sleep, for example, but they do not necessarily, know how to help them do it.

Moreover, many physicians themselves have unhealthy habits that may prevent them from offering advice.

"Sleep-deprived doctor who scarf candy bars for lunch tend to feel inhibited in counseling others when they aren't exactly setting an example," said Dr. Walter Willett, chairman of the department of nutrition at the Harvard School of Public Health and a member of the lifestyle medicine college's board of advisers.

"Primary caregivers at least should have extensive training in lifestyle medicine," Dr. Willett said. “And it's reasonable for there to be a medical specialty" so patients can consult a trained practitioner who is certified as an expert in the field.

Others say lifestyle medicine should be incorporated into every facet of health care.

"I don't think it's appropriate to segment it off," said Dr. Thomas W. Rowland, chief of pediatric cardiology at Baystate Medical Center in Springfield, Mass., who routinely counsels children and parents on how to adopt health lifestyles. "it needs to be a fundamental part of every doctor's practice and therefore a part of every medical school's core curriculum."

Still, he acknowledges that there are significant obstacles, because lifestyle consuming is time-consuming and is seldom compensated by Medicare or health insurers.

Reimbursement is a chief concern of the American College of Lifestyle Medicine. The group plans to lobby Congress to that end. And it wants Congress to require that patients be informed about the relative effectiveness of lifestyle changes before receiving certain medications--including blood pressure, acid reflex and cholesterol drugs-and before undergoing procedures like back surgery, bypass surgery and stent placement.

But first, Dr. Kelly said, patients and insurers need to be assured of the professionalism of lifestyle medicine providers.

Some doctors say the movement suffers from fringe elements that advocate unproven strategies like strict vegan diets and daily saunas .

“Lifestyle medicine has to be scientifically base to distinguish it from all the quackery out there," said David R. Brown, senior behavioral scientist in the division of nutrition and physical activity at the disease control center.

Dr. Kelly agreed. "We need to have a certification process in place with rigorous, evidence- based standards," he said.

Proponents of lifestyle medicine are quick to distinguish it from alternative medicine. “This

is mainstream medicine supported by mainstream medical research," said Dr. James M. Rippe, associate professor of cardiology at Tufts University School of Medicine and the editor of The American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine. "The lifestyle medicine movement is not an anti- procedure, anti-medication movement."

Rather, he said, it advocates that lifestyle interventions become part of doctor’s arsenal in fighting disease: "For too long we’ve ignored out most powerful weapon when it should be our first line of defense.”

詞匯注解

重點(diǎn)單詞

extent / iks'tent/

【文中釋義】n.程度

【大綱全義】n.廣度，寬度，長(zhǎng)度; 程度，限度

confusion /k?n'fju: ?? n/

【文中釋義】n.混亂狀況

【大綱全義】n.困惑，糊涂; 混淆;混亂，騷亂

clarity /'klæriti/

【文中釋義】n.

【大綱全義】n.清晰，明晰

inspire / in'spai?/

【文中釋義】v.激發(fā)

【大綱全義】v.鼓舞，激起; 使產(chǎn)生靈感

inform /in'f?:m/

【文中釋義】v.通知

【大綱全義】v.(of,abouo通知，告訴，報(bào)告;告發(fā),告密

incorporate /in'k?:p?r eit/

【文中釋義】v.具體表現(xiàn)

【大綱全義】v.合并，納入，結(jié)合 adj.合并的

epidemic /,epi'demik/

【文中釋義】n.流行病

【大綱全義】adj.流行性的;傳染的;n流行病;.傳播

expectancy /ik'spekt?nsi /

【文中釋義】n.期待

【大綱全義】n.期待

decline/di'klain /

【文中釋義】v.降低

【大綱全義】v.下降，衰落;拒絕，謝絕 n.下降;斜面，傾斜，衰落

Proponent/pr?'p?un?nt/

【文中釋義】n.建議者

【大綱全義】n.提議者，建議者;支持者;辯護(hù)者

counseling/'kauns?li?/

【文中釋義】n.顧客服務(wù)

【大綱全義】n.顧客服務(wù)

超綱單詞

disseminate v.傳播 credentialed adj.信任的

symptomatically adv.具有征候地 clogged adj.堵塞的

cardiovascular adj.心血管性的 oncologist n.腫瘤科醫(yī)師

gastroenterologist n.胃腸科醫(yī)師

重點(diǎn)段落譯文

眾所周知，飲食、鍛煉以及生活方式的其他方面在維持身體健康方面扮演著十分重要的角色。但是具體起什么作用仍不是十分清楚。

在何種程度上生活方式會(huì)誘發(fā)或?qū)е录膊『椭職?健康的生活方式到底是什么樣的?哪一種飲食習(xí)慣或鍛煉方式才是最佳的，人們一直對(duì)此困惑不解，更不用說(shuō)多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的睡眠、多大的壓力或多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的性愛(ài)才是理想的了。對(duì)如何最有效地激勵(lì)人們改變自己的生活習(xí)慣也不大清楚。

正是由于人們?nèi)狈η逦恼J(rèn)識(shí)才促使一場(chǎng)運(yùn)動(dòng)蓬勃開(kāi)展，以告誡衛(wèi)生專業(yè)人員和病人，生活方式在預(yù)防和治療疾病中的重要性。這場(chǎng)運(yùn)動(dòng)旨在傳播一些科學(xué)研究的成果，即有關(guān)更好地生活意味著什么，同時(shí)還旨在鼓勵(lì)醫(yī)生和其他醫(yī)務(wù)人員把這些知識(shí)應(yīng)用到實(shí)踐中。

兩年前一批醫(yī)生成立了一個(gè)組織，該組織的目的在于讓生活方式成為臨床?？频奶匦幉⑶页蔀榛踞t(yī)療培訓(xùn)的一部分。美國(guó)生活方式醫(yī)藥大學(xué)的一個(gè)新興組織的負(fù)責(zé)人約翰·凱利博士曾談道，如果在治療疾病時(shí)忽視評(píng)估病人的生活方式或是沒(méi)有為他們提供如何來(lái)改變生活方式的指導(dǎo)。就是一種不負(fù)責(zé)任和接近于無(wú)視的態(tài)度。

加利福尼亞洲洛瑪連達(dá)大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院預(yù)防醫(yī)學(xué)會(huì)的凱利教授談道，這個(gè)團(tuán)體是在像他叔叔那樣的人的啟示下成立的。

他的叔叔經(jīng)診斷患有心臟病，但是他叔叔沒(méi)有獲得任何有關(guān)如何改變他的生活方式的建議——即便有研究表明飲食、鍛煉和壓力管理在很大程度上可以改善他的身體狀況——就接受了一個(gè)意在打開(kāi)一個(gè)堵塞的動(dòng)脈血管的支架植入手術(shù)。

凱利博士談道，生活方式這一藥品在極力對(duì)抗全國(guó)流行病，如肥胖、糖尿病和心血管疾病的戰(zhàn)役中起著十分重要的作用。他還說(shuō)，“我們不可能完全解決健康問(wèn)題，除非我們將注意力從急性的、陳發(fā)性的護(hù)理健康轉(zhuǎn)移到促進(jìn)健康的生活方式上來(lái)。”

美國(guó)疾病預(yù)防和控制中心有報(bào)道稱，不健康的生活方式會(huì)引發(fā)或惡化慢性疾病，每年有170萬(wàn)美國(guó)人死于此，而且還有2500萬(wàn)人因此致殘。新英格蘭醫(yī)學(xué)期刊上一份2005年的研究預(yù)言，由于不健康的生活方式——這可追溯至19世紀(jì)50年代——美國(guó)人的平均生命期望值將在未來(lái)20年內(nèi)減小。美國(guó)生活方式醫(yī)學(xué)院有150個(gè)成員，涉及各個(gè)專業(yè)領(lǐng)域的營(yíng)養(yǎng)學(xué)家、眼科專家、胃腸病學(xué)家、腫瘤學(xué)家及其他專家。

雖然生活方式醫(yī)藥倡議者——包括來(lái)自各個(gè)醫(yī)藥和公共健康領(lǐng)域的研究人員和臨床醫(yī)師，他們均認(rèn)為查問(wèn)患者的生活方式，并就如何改善提出針對(duì)性的意見(jiàn)是十分重要的，但仍在究竟誰(shuí)應(yīng)該提供這樣的咨詢服務(wù)以及提供什么樣的培訓(xùn)指導(dǎo)方面存在著分歧。也沒(méi)有一個(gè)鼓勵(lì)病人遵守的規(guī)范性做法能被普遍接受。

希望各位考生能夠每天堅(jiān)持閱讀，提高詞匯量和語(yǔ)感能力，為以后的系統(tǒng)復(fù)習(xí)打下堅(jiān)實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)。最后提醒大家，夏季來(lái)臨，復(fù)習(xí)備考需注意防暑降溫。預(yù)祝考研成功!

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