考研英語閱讀材料匯編之健康類(2)

復(fù)習(xí)緊張，焦頭爛額？逆風(fēng)輕襲，來跨考秋季集訓(xùn)營(yíng)，幫你尋方法，定方案！ 了解一下>>

閱讀是考研英語的重要題型之一，也是保障英語成績(jī)的關(guān)鍵題目。因此，考研學(xué)子們要充分重視英語閱讀，除了平時(shí)多多閱讀英語雜志、報(bào)紙外，還需要針對(duì)閱讀進(jìn)行專項(xiàng)訓(xùn)練。小編整理了關(guān)于考研英語閱讀題源的系列文章——考研英語閱讀材料匯編之健康類(2)，請(qǐng)參考!

Hollywood's Smoke Alarm

Onscreen puffing is recruiting a new generation of kids.

The American screen has long been a smoky place, at least since the 1940s, when Bette Davis and Paul Henreid in Now, Voyager showed how to make and seal a romantic deal over a pair of cigarettes that were smoldering as much as the stars. Today cigarettes are more common on-screen than at any other time since midcentury. 75% of all Hollywood films show tobacco use, according to a 2006 survey by the University of California, San Francisco.

Audiences, especially kids, are taking notice. Two recent studies, published in the Lancet and Pediatrics, have found that among children as young as 10, those exposed to the most screen smoking are up to 2.7 times as likely as others to pick up the habit. Worse, it's the ones from nonsmoking homes who are hit the hardest, perhaps because they are spared the dirty ashtrays and musty drapes that make real-world smoking a lot less appealing than the sanitized cinematic version.

Now the Harvard School of Public Health (HSPH)-the folks behind the U.S. designated-driver campaign-is pushing to get the smokes off the screen. "Some movies show kids up to 14 incidents of smoking per hour," says Barry Bloom, HSPH's dean. “We’re in the business of preventing disease, and cigarettes are the No. 1 preventable cause."

If there's one thing health experts know, it's that you don't influence behavior by telling people what to do. You do it by exposing them to enough cases of people behaving well that it creates a new norm. What made the designated-driver concept catch on in the 1980s was partly that Harvard and the ad agencies it worked with persuaded TV networks to slip the idea into their shows. There's a reason a designated-driver poster appeared in the bar on Cbeers, and it's not because it made the jokes funnier.

"The idea appeared in 160 prime-time episodes over four years," says Jay Winsten, HSPH's associate dean. "Drunk-driving fatalities fell 25% over the next three years."

Harvard long believed that getting cigarettes out of movies could have as powerful an effect, but it wouldn't be easy. Cigarette makers had a history of striking product-placement deals with Hollywood, and while the 1998 tobacco settlement prevents that, nothing stops directors from incorporating smoking into scenes on their own.

In 1999 Harvard began holding one-on-one meetings with studio execs trying to change that, and last year the Motion Picture Association of America flung the door open, inviting Bloom to make a presentation in February to all the studios. Harvard's advice was direct: Get the butts entirely out, or at least make smoking unappealing.

A few films provide a glimpse of what a no-smoking-or low -smoking-Hollywood would be like. Producer Lindsay Doran, who once helped persuade director John Hughes to keep Ferris Bueller smoke-free in the 1980s hit, wanted to do the same for the leads of her recent movie Stranger Than Fiction. When a writer convinced her that the character played by Emma Thompson had to smoke, Doran relented, but from the way Thompson hacks her way through the film and snuffs out her cigarettes in a palmful of spit, it's clear the glamour's gone. And remember all the smoking in The Devil Wears Prada? No? That's because the producers of that film kept it out entirely-even in a story that travels from the U.S. fashion world to Paris, two of the most tobacco-happy places on earth. "No one smoked in that movie," says Doran, "and no one noticed."

Such movies are hardly the rule, but the pressure is growing. As Harvard closes in from one side, a dozen health groups including the American Medical Association are calling fox reduction of smoking in movies and on TV; and 41 state attorneys general have signed a letter seeking, public-service ads at the beginning of any DVD that includes smoking. Like smokers, studios may conclude that quitting the habit is not just a lot healthier but also a Lot smarter.

詞匯注解

重點(diǎn)單詞

recruit / ri'kru:t /

【文中釋義】 v.征募，吸收

【大綱全義】v.征募(新兵)，吸收;補(bǔ)充 n.新成員，新兵

smoky / 'sm?uki /

【文中釋義】 adj.煙霧彌漫的

【大綱全義】 adj.冒煙的;多煙的;煙霧彌漫的

romantic/ r?'mæntik/

【文中釋義】adj.傳奇性的

【大綱全義】adj.浪漫的，傳奇式的;不切實(shí)際的，好幻想的

exposed /iks 'p?uzd /

【文中釋義】adj.接觸的

【大綱全義】adj.無掩蔽的，顯[暴]露的;接觸的

musty/ 'm?sti /

【文中釋義】adj.發(fā)霉的

【大綱全義】adj.發(fā)霉的;霉臭的;落伍的

appealing/? 'pi:li?/

【文中釋義】adj.吸引人的

【大綱全義】adj.有感染力的;引人注意的;吸引人的

cinematic/,sini 'mætik/

【文中釋義】adj.電影的

【大綱全義】adj.電影的

version/'v?: ??n/

【文中釋義】n.版本

【大綱全義】n.版本;譯本，譯文;說法

designated/'dezigneitid/

【文中釋義】adj. 指定的

【大綱全義】adj.指定的，特指的

preventable /pri'vent?b(?)I/

【文中釋義】adj.可預(yù)防的

【大綱全義】adj.可防止的，可預(yù)防的

influence /'influ?ns/

【文中釋義】v.影響

【大綱全義】n. (on)影響，感化;勢(shì)力，權(quán)勢(shì) v.影響，感化

behave /bi'heiv/

【文中釋義】n.舉止，行為

【大綱全義】v.舉止，舉動(dòng)，行為，表現(xiàn);運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)，開動(dòng);檢點(diǎn)(自己)的行動(dòng)

norm /n?:m/

【文中釋義】n.規(guī)范

【大綱全義】n.準(zhǔn)則，規(guī)范，準(zhǔn)則，平均數(shù)

concept/'k?nsept/

【文中釋義】n.觀念

【大綱全義】n.概念，觀念，設(shè)想

associate /?'s?u?ieit/

【文中釋義】adj.副的

【大綱全義】v.聯(lián)想;交往;聯(lián)合 n.伙伴，同事，合伙人 adj.聯(lián)合的;副的

incorporate /in'k?:p?reit/

【文中釋義】v.表現(xiàn)

【大綱全義】v.合并，納入，結(jié)合 adj.合并的

fling /fli?/

【文中釋義】v.(用力地)扔，拋，丟

【大綱全義】v. (用力地)扔，拋，丟

超綱單詞

onscreen adj.電影銀幕上的 puffing n.吞云吐霧

smolder v.燃燒 midcentury n.一個(gè)世紀(jì)的中葉

ashtray n.煙灰缸 drape n.窗簾

sanitized adj.清潔的 exec n.制作

重點(diǎn)段落譯文

演員們?cè)陔娪般y幕上的吞云吐霧正在影響著我們的下一代。

美國(guó)的電影銀幕一直以來就是一個(gè)煙霧繚繞的地方。至少從20世紀(jì)40年代開始就是這樣：電影《揚(yáng)帆》中，貝特·戴維斯和保羅·亨里德表演了怎樣一邊吸著煙一邊制訂和簽署一份傳奇性的協(xié)議。如今，香煙在電影中的出現(xiàn)比20世紀(jì)中葉以來的任何時(shí)候都更為常見:據(jù)舊金山加州大學(xué)2006年的一份調(diào)查顯示，75%的好萊塢電影里包含了吸煙鏡頭。

觀眾—尤其是孩子們，開始注意到這些。最近分別發(fā)表在《柳葉刀》和《小兒科》雜志上的兩項(xiàng)研究顯示，在10歲的兒童中，經(jīng)?？吹轿鼰熺R頭的小孩染上吸煙惡習(xí)的概率是其他小孩的2.7倍。更糟糕的是，無煙家庭的孩子更容易受到影響，這可能是因?yàn)樗麄儧]有見識(shí)過骯臟的煙灰缸和發(fā)霉的窗簾，因此不知道吸煙在真實(shí)世界中并沒有干凈的電影鏡頭中那么有吸引力。

現(xiàn)在，哈佛大學(xué)公共衛(wèi)生學(xué)院(HSPH)在禁止酒后駕駛運(yùn)動(dòng)之后，正在努力推行讓電影遠(yuǎn)離香煙的運(yùn)動(dòng)。哈佛大學(xué)公共衛(wèi)生學(xué)院的院長(zhǎng)巴里·布魯姆說:“在一些電影中，孩子們每小時(shí)能看到14次吸煙鏡頭。我們的工作是預(yù)防疾病，而香煙是首當(dāng)其沖要禁止的。”

如果說健康專家所確知的事，那就是—告訴別人該做什么無法影響到他們的行為。要影響他人，需要使他們身邊有足夠的正面事例，這樣可以創(chuàng)造出新的行為準(zhǔn)則。禁止酒后駕車運(yùn)動(dòng)在19世紀(jì)80年代得以流行，部分原因是哈佛大學(xué)及與之合作的廣告公司成功地說服了各電視臺(tái)在電視節(jié)目中融人了這一觀念。Cheers節(jié)目中的酒吧里出現(xiàn)禁止酒后駕車運(yùn)動(dòng)的海報(bào)是有原因的，而不僅僅是為了讓節(jié)目更有趣。

哈佛大學(xué)公共衛(wèi)生學(xué)院的副院長(zhǎng)杰伊·文斯滕說：“四年多的時(shí)間里，抵制酒后駕車的觀念在黃金時(shí)段播出了160集。酒后駕駛造成的交通事故在接下來的三年里下降了25%。”

哈佛大學(xué)一直相信剔除電影中的吸煙鏡頭也能達(dá)到同樣的效果，但要做到這一點(diǎn)不會(huì)很容易。煙草商與好萊塢有著長(zhǎng)期的產(chǎn)品營(yíng)銷交易的歷史。而且，雖然1998年的煙草協(xié)議禁止了這一點(diǎn)，好萊塢的導(dǎo)演們?nèi)宰灶欁缘貙⑽鼰熺R頭納人到了影片中。

1999年，哈佛大學(xué)開始舉行與電影公司經(jīng)理們的一對(duì)一會(huì)談以試圖改變這種情況。去年，美國(guó)電影協(xié)會(huì)對(duì)他們敞開了大門，并邀請(qǐng)布魯姆院長(zhǎng)在2月向所有電影公司做一次演講。哈佛的意見是直接的：徹底剔除電影里的吸煙鏡頭，或者至少使這些鏡頭不那么具有蠱惑性。

希望各位考生能夠每天堅(jiān)持閱讀，提高詞匯量和語感能力，為以后的系統(tǒng)復(fù)習(xí)打下堅(jiān)實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)。最后提醒大家，夏季來臨，復(fù)習(xí)備考需注意防暑降溫。預(yù)祝考研成功!

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