考研英語閱讀材料匯編之文教類(4)

復(fù)習(xí)緊張，焦頭爛額？逆風(fēng)輕襲，來跨考秋季集訓(xùn)營，幫你尋方法，定方案！ 了解一下>>

閱讀是考研英語的重要題型之一，也是保障英語成績的關(guān)鍵題目。因此，考研學(xué)子們要充分重視英語閱讀，除了平時多多閱讀英語雜志、報紙外，還需要針對閱讀進行專項訓(xùn)練。小編整理了關(guān)于考研英語閱讀題源的系列文章——考研英語閱讀材料匯編之文教類(4)，請參考!

Who's a Nerd, Anyway?

What is a nerd? Mary Bucholtz, a linguist at the University of California, Santa Barbara, has been working on the question for the last 12 years. She has gone to high schools and colleges, mainly in California, and asked students from different crowds to think about the idea of nerdiness and who among their peers should be considered a nerd; students have also "reported" themselves. Nerdiness, she has conducted, is largely a matter of racially tinged behavior. People who are considered nerds tend to act in ways that are, as she puts it, "hyperwhite".

While the word "nerd" has been used since the 1950s, its origin remains elusive. Nerds, however, are easy to find everywhere. Being a nerd has become a widely accepted and even proud identity, and nerds have carved out a comfortable niche in popular culture; "nerdcore" rappers, who wear pocket protectors and write paeans to computer routing devices，are in vogue, and TV networks continue to run shows with titles like “Beauty and the Geek". As a linguist, Bucholtz understands nerdiness first and foremost as a way of using language. In a 2001 paper, “The Whiteness of Nerds: Superstandard English and Racial Markedness'', and other works, including a book in progress, Bucholtz notes that the "hegemonic" "cool white" kids use a limited amount of African-American vernacular English; they may say “blood" in lieu of "friend," or drop the “g” in “playing”.

But the nerds she has interviewed, mostly white kids, punctiliously adhere to Standard English. They often favor Greco-Latinate words over Germanic ones ("it's my observation" instead of "I think”)，a preference that lends an air of scientific detachment. They're aware they speak distinctively and they use language as a badge of membership in their cliques. One nerd girl Bucholtz observed performed a typically nerdy feat when asked to discuss "blood" as a slang term; she replied: “B-I-O-O-D. The word is blood," evoking the format of a spelling bee. She went on, "That's the stuff which is inside of your veins," humorously using a literal definition Nerds are not simply victims of the prevailing social codes about what's appropriate and what's cool; they actively shape their own identities and put those codes in question.

Though Bucholtz uses the term “hyperwhite" to describe nerd language in particular, she claims that the "symbolic resources of an extreme whiteness" can be used elsewhere. After all, trends in music, dance, fashion, sports and language in a variety of youth subcultures are often traceable to an African-American source, but unlike the styles of cool European American students, in nerdiness, African-American culture and language do not play even a covert role. Certainly, "hyperwhite" seems a good word for the sartorial choices of paradigmatic nerds. While a stereotypical black youth, from the zoot-suit era through the bling years, wears flashy clothes, chosen for their aesthetic value, nerdy clothing is purely practical: pocket protectors, belt sheaths for gadgets, short shorts for excessive heat, etc. Indeed, "hyperwhite" works as a description for nearly everything we intuitively associate with nerds, which is why Hollywood has long traded in jokes that try to capitalize on the emotional dissonance of nerds acting black (Eugene Levy saying, "You got me straight trippin, boo”) and black people being nerds(the characters Urkel and Carlton in the sitcoms "Family Matters" and "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air”).

By cultivating an identity perceived as white to the point of excess, nerds deny themselves the aura of normality that is usually one of the perks of being white. Bucholtz sees something to admire here. In declining to appropriate African-American youth culture, thereby "refusing to exercise the racial privilege upon which white youth cultures are founded," she writes, nerds may even be viewed as "traitors to whiteness." You might say they know that a culture based on theft is a culture not worth having. On the other hand, the code of conspicuous intellectualism in the nerd cliques Bucholtz observed may shut out "black students who chose not to openly display their abilities.” This is especially disturbing at a time when African-American students can be stigmatized by other African-American students if they're too obviously diligent about school .Even more problematic, "Nerds' dismissal of black cultural practices often led them to discount the possibility of friendship with black students," even if the nerds were involved in political activities like protesting against the dismantling of affirmative action in California schools. If nerdiness, as Bucholtz suggests, can be a rebellion against the cool white kids and their use of black culture, it’s a rebellion with a limited membership.

詞匯注解

重點單詞

origin /''?rid?in /

【文中釋義】n.起源

【大綱全義】n.起源，由來;出身，來歷;血統(tǒng)

elusive /i’ iju:siv/

【文中釋義】adj.難捉摸的

【大綱全義】adj.難懂的，易忘的，難捉摸的

foremost /'f?:m?ust/

【文中釋義】adj.最初的

【大綱全義】adj.最先的;最初的;主要的 adv.首要的

punctiliously / p??k'tili?sli /

【文中釋義】adv.一絲不茍的

【大綱全義】adv.一絲不茍的

adhere /ad'ni?/

【文中釋義】v.附

【大綱全義】v. (to)黏著;堅持，遵寧;依附，追隨

detachment / di'tæt?m?nt /

【文中釋義】n.分離

【大綱全義】n.脫離，分離，拆開

badge / bæd? /

【文中釋義】n.象征

【大綱全義】n.徽章，像章;標(biāo)記;象征;記號

feat /fi:t/

【文中釋義】n.壯舉

【大綱全義】n.功績，偉業(yè)，技藝

evoke / i'v?uk/

【文中釋義】v.喚起

【大綱全義】v.換起，引起

format /'f?:mæt/

【文中釋義】n.設(shè)計

【大綱全義】n.(出版物的)開本，版式，格式v.設(shè)計;安排

vein/vein/

【文中釋義】n.靜脈

【大綱全義】n.血管;靜脈;葉脈;紋理;情緒 v.使成脈絡(luò)

traceable /'treis?bl/

【文中釋義】adj.可追蹤的

【大綱全義】adj.可追蹤(追溯)的;起源于……的

aesthetic / i:s'θetik /

【文中釋義】adj.美學(xué)的

【大綱全義】adj.美學(xué)的，藝術(shù)的;審美的

超綱單詞

tinged adj.有些許的 rapper n.交談?wù)?paean n.凱歌

vogue n.時髦 vernacular n.本國語 clique n.集團

bling n.絢麗的珠寶 sheath n.外皮 dissonance n.不一致

重點段落譯文

什么是書呆子?加利福尼亞的圣塔芭芭拉大學(xué)的語言學(xué)家瑪麗·布霍爾特茲在過去的12年里一直致力于研究該問題。她去過一些高中和大學(xué)，其中大部分是在加利福尼亞州，并要求學(xué)生從不同人群的角度去思考一下對書呆子有什么想法以及他們同齡人中誰會被認(rèn)為是書呆子，當(dāng)然這些學(xué)生也得“報告”自己的看法。她總結(jié)認(rèn)為書呆子在很大程度上被認(rèn)為是一種略帶種族色彩的行為。根據(jù)她的說法，那些被認(rèn)為是書呆子的人喜歡以所謂的“超白人化”的方式來做事。

然而自從20世紀(jì)50年代開始使用“書呆子”一詞開始，該詞的來源一直是個謎。然而書呆子們卻隨處可見。社會已經(jīng)普遍接受了書呆子這個身份，甚至還引以為傲，并且書呆子們已經(jīng)設(shè)法在流行文化中站穩(wěn)了腳跟。穿著襯衣口袋護套，為電腦路由設(shè)備寫贊歌的“書呆子核”說唱歌手大行其道。電視網(wǎng)絡(luò)繼續(xù)播放以“美女與野獸”為主題的電視節(jié)目。作為一名語言學(xué)家布霍爾特茲首先把書呆子這個詞看作是一種使用語言的途徑，從而達(dá)到理解這個詞的目的。2001年一份名為“書呆子的白人性:超標(biāo)準(zhǔn)英語和種族標(biāo)記性”的論文和其他一些著作……

但是她所采訪的書呆子大多數(shù)都是來自美國白人家庭的孩子，而且一絲不茍地堅持使用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)英語。相對于日耳曼語系的單詞他們往往更青睞古典拉丁文字(用it's my observation取代I think)，這種偏愛導(dǎo)致了學(xué)術(shù)分離。他們意識到他們的發(fā)音與眾不同，而且他們還將語言作為進人群體身份的象征。一個接受布霍爾特茲研究的書呆子女生曾表演了一個典型的書呆子壯舉，當(dāng)她被要求去討論俚語中的“blood”時，她答道:“B-L-O-O-D。這個單詞就是“blood”。從而引發(fā)了一場拼字比賽。她幽默地使用單詞的字面含義繼續(xù)說:“這就是你身體血管中流淌著的液體。”盛行的社會準(zhǔn)則規(guī)定什么是受歡迎的，什么是不受歡迎的，書呆子不僅僅只是這些準(zhǔn)則的受害者，而且他們還積極塑造自我形象并質(zhì)疑這些社會準(zhǔn)則。

盡管布霍爾特茲喜歡用“超白人化”一詞來特指書呆子，但她還聲稱“這種極端白人文化的符號資源”隨處可見。畢竟，“音樂、舞蹈、時尚、運動和文化的流行趨勢以及多種青年亞文化群的語言經(jīng)?？勺匪莸椒侵抟崦绹?rdquo;，但是與歐洲裔美國學(xué)生的酷風(fēng)格不同的是，在書呆子文化中非洲美國文化與語言沒有發(fā)揮作用甚至起到變相的作用。當(dāng)然，對于一個典型的書呆子來說，在融合的選擇中“超白人化”是一個絕好的措詞。不管是高腰窄褲的華麗男裝年代還是到了流行閃光配飾的時代，典型的黑人青年都會根據(jù)他們的審美標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，選擇浮華張揚的服飾;而書呆子服飾卻絕對是講究實用：襯衣口袋護罩，腰帶上裝東西的皮套，涼快的短褲等等。事實上，“超白人化”可以和所有我們直覺上覺得和書呆子有關(guān)的所有事物聯(lián)系起來。這就是為什么好萊塢長期以來都喜歡用這神感覺上的不協(xié)調(diào)來開玩笑：行為黑人化的書呆子，抑或是書呆子化的黑人。

希望各位考生能夠每天堅持閱讀，提高詞匯量和語感能力，為以后的系統(tǒng)復(fù)習(xí)打下堅實的基礎(chǔ)。最后提醒大家，夏季來臨，復(fù)習(xí)備考需注意防暑降溫。預(yù)?？佳谐晒?

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