2015年考研英語(yǔ)閱讀文章練習(xí)之理學(xué)類匯總_跨考網(wǎng)

　　Scientists have known since 1952 that DNA is the basic stuff of heredity. They've known its chemical structure since 1953. They know that human DNA acts like a biological computer program some 3 billion bits long that spells out the instructions for making proteins， the basic building blocks of life.

　　But everything the genetic engineers have accomplished during the past half-century is just a preamble to the work that Collins and Anderson and legions of colleagues are doing now. Collins leads the Human Genome Project， a 15-year effort to draw the first detailed map of every nook and cranny and gene in human DNA. Anderson， who pioneered the first successful human gene-therapy operations， is leading the campaign to put information about DNA to use as quickly as possible in the treatment and prevention of human diseases.

　　What they and other researchers are plotting is nothing less than a biomedical revolution. Like Silicon Valley pirates reverse-engineering a computer chip to steal a competitor's secrets， genetic engineers are decoding life's molecular secrets and trying to use that knowledge to reverse the natural course of disease. DNA in their hands has become both a blueprint and a drug， a pharmacological substance of extraordinary potency that can treat not just symptoms or the diseases that cause them but also the imperfections in DNA that make people susceptible to a disease.

　　And that's just the beginning. For all the fevered work being done， however， science is still far away from the Brave New World vision of engineering a perfect human—or even a perfect tomato. Much more research is needed before gene therapy becomes commonplace， and many diseases will take decades to conquer， if they can be conquered at all.

　　In the short run， the most practical way to use the new technology will be in genetic screening. Doctors will be able to detect all sorts of flaws in DNA long before they can be fixed. In some cases the knowledge may lead to treatments that delay the onset of the disease or soften its effects. Someone with a genetic predisposition to heart disease， for example， could follow a low-fat diet. And if scientists determine that a vital protein is missing because the gene that was supposed to make it is defective， they might be able to give the patient an artificial version of the protein. But in other instances， almost nothing can be done to stop the ravages brought on by genetic mutations. (409 words)

　　1. It can be inferred from the text that Collins and Anderson and legions of colleagues _____.

　　[A] know that human DNA acts like a biological computer program

　　[B] have found the basic building blocks of life

　　[C] have accomplished some genetic discovery during the past half-century

　　[D] are making a breakthrough in DNA

　　2. Collins and Anderson are cited in the text to indicate all the following EXCEPT that ______.

　　[A] time-consuming effort is needed to accomplish the detailed map of in human DNA

　　[B] human gene-therapy operations may be applied to the patients

　　[C] gene-therapy now is already generally used to the treatment and prevention of human diseases

　　[D] information about DNA may be used in the treatment and prevention of human diseases

　　3. The word “pirate” (line 2， paragraph 3) means______.

　　[A] one who robs at sea or plunders the land from the sea

　　[B] one who makes use of or reproduces the work of another without authorization

　　[C] to take (something) by piracy

　　[D] to make use of or reproduce (another's work) without authorization

　　4. We can draw a conclusion from the text that_____.

　　[A] engineering a perfect human is not feasible for the time being

　　[B] it‘s impossible for scientists to engineer a perfect tomato

　　[C] many diseases will never be conquered by human beings

　　[D] doctors will be able to cure all sorts of flaws in DNA in the long run

　　5. The best title for the text may be ______.

　　[A] DNA and Heredity

　　[B] The Genetic Revolution

　　[C] A Biomedical Revolution

　　[D] How to Apply Genetic Technology

　　詞匯注釋

　　stuff 物質(zhì)

　　preamble 開端

　　nook and cranny 排列

　　potency 力量

　　susceptible 易受感染的

　　predisposition 易患病的體質(zhì)

　　難句講解

　　1. They know that human DNA acts like a biological computer program some 3 billion bits long that spells out the instructions for making proteins， the basic building blocks of life.

　　[簡(jiǎn)析] 本句話的主干是“They know that…”。they 指的是前面句子中提到的scientists;第一個(gè)引導(dǎo)的是賓語(yǔ)從句，some 3 billion bits long修飾computer program，第二個(gè)that也修飾computer program;the basic building blocks of life是在解釋proteins.

　　2. Anderson， who pioneered the first successful human gene-therapy operations， is leading the campaign to put information about DNA to use as quickly as possible in the treatment and prevention of human diseases.

　　[簡(jiǎn)析] 本句話的主干是“Anderson is leading the campaign…”。Who引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語(yǔ)從句，修飾Anderson;to put information…短語(yǔ)修飾campaign，其中的to use…作目的狀語(yǔ)。

　　3. DNA in their hands has become both a blueprint and a drug， a pharmacological substance of extraordinary potency that can treat not just symptoms or the diseases that cause them but also the imperfections in DNA that make people susceptible to a disease.

　　[簡(jiǎn)析] 本句話的主干是“DNA has become both a blueprint and a drug”。in their hands修飾DNA;a pharmacological substance…是在解釋前面的drug，其中的第一個(gè)that 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾pharmacological substance;第二個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾imperfections.

　　4. And if scientists determine that a vital protein is missing because the gene that was supposed to make it is defective， they might be able to give the patient an artificial version of the protein.

　　[簡(jiǎn)析] 本句話的主干是“…they might be able to give the patient an artificial version of the protein”。If引導(dǎo)的是條件狀語(yǔ)從句，其中的第一個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的是賓語(yǔ)從句，because引導(dǎo)的時(shí)原因狀語(yǔ)從句;第二個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾gene.

　　答案與解析

　　36. D 推論題。本題的問題是“根據(jù)本文，可以推知：柯林斯、安德森以及他們的眾多同事”。題干中的“Collins and Anderson and legions of colleagues”出自文章第二段第一句話中，表明本題與第二段有關(guān)。第二段提到，柯林斯領(lǐng)導(dǎo)了“人類基因工程”研究項(xiàng)目，而安德森首創(chuàng)了人類第一次成功的基因治療手術(shù)，并且正在領(lǐng)導(dǎo)一項(xiàng)有關(guān)DNA的研究活動(dòng);第三段接著介紹了他們掌握的DNA的作用。由此可知，這些研究人員對(duì)DNA的研究正在取得進(jìn)步。[D]“正在取得DNA領(lǐng)域的突破”是對(duì)文中相關(guān)信息的概括，為正確答案。[A]“知道人類的DNA的作用就像一個(gè)生物學(xué)計(jì)算機(jī)程序”和[C]“在過去半個(gè)世紀(jì)里完成了一些基因發(fā)現(xiàn)”是第一段中提到的以前科學(xué)家的成果，不是柯林斯、安德森以及他們的同事的成果;[B]“發(fā)現(xiàn)了生命的基本構(gòu)造元素”是針對(duì)文中“spells out the instructions for making proteins，the basic building blocks of life”這句話設(shè)置的干擾項(xiàng)。生命的基本構(gòu)造元素是蛋白質(zhì)，但這并不是這些研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)的，所以[B]不對(duì)。

　　37. C 結(jié)構(gòu)題。本題的問題是“文中引用柯林斯和安德森是為了表示下面各項(xiàng)，除了”。題干中的“Collins and Anderson”出自文章第二段第一句話中，表明本題與第二段有關(guān)。第二段提到這兩人時(shí)指出，柯林斯領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的研究項(xiàng)目歷時(shí)15年，旨在繪制第一張人類DNA基因排列詳細(xì)圖表，而安德森首創(chuàng)了人類第一次成功的基因治療手術(shù)，他正在領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的研究準(zhǔn)備把有關(guān)DNA的信息盡可能迅速地用于治療并預(yù)防人類的疾病;第三段提到，他們掌握的DNA可以治療癥狀或者導(dǎo)致癥狀的疾病。這說(shuō)明，[A]“為了完成人類DNA的詳細(xì)基因圖，需要付出很大的努力”、[B]“人類基因療法手術(shù)可能被用來(lái)治療患者一和[D]”有關(guān)DNA的信息可能被用來(lái)治療并預(yù)防人類的疾病“體現(xiàn)了提到這兩人的目的。[C]”如今，基因療法普遍用于治療并預(yù)防人類的疾病“明顯與第四段第三句話的意思不符。

　　38. B 詞義題。本題的問題是“單詞‘pirate’(第三段第二行)最可能的意思是”。第三段提到該詞時(shí)是說(shuō)，這些人反向設(shè)計(jì)一種電腦芯片去竊取競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手的秘密。根據(jù)“Sili.”Vailev“可知，[A]”一個(gè)在海上搶劫或者從海上搶劫陸地的人“不對(duì);本句話是把該詞與genetic，engineers進(jìn)行比較，說(shuō)明該詞應(yīng)該是指_人，所以，[C]”通過盜版獲得(某物)“和 [D]”沒有得到授權(quán)利用或者復(fù)制(他人工作)“不對(duì)。只有[B]”一個(gè)沒有得到授權(quán)利用或者復(fù)制他人工作的人“符合文意。

　　39. A 歸納題。本題的問題是“根據(jù)本文，我們可以得出結(jié)論”。文章前面三段介紹了遺傳工程師取得的成就，第四段指出，科學(xué)離實(shí)現(xiàn)設(shè)定一個(gè)完美人類的夢(mèng)想還很遙遠(yuǎn)，孝基因療法普遍之前，人們還需要進(jìn)行更多的研究。這說(shuō)明，目前的科學(xué)還不能設(shè)定一個(gè)完美人類。[A]“設(shè)定完美的人目前還不可行”是對(duì)文中相關(guān)信息的改寫，為正確答案。文中是說(shuō)科學(xué)離設(shè)定完美土豆的夢(mèng)想很遙遠(yuǎn)，但并沒有說(shuō)不可能，所以[B]“科學(xué)家要想設(shè)定一個(gè)完美的土豆是不可能的”與文意不符;[C]“許多疾病永遠(yuǎn)也不會(huì)被人類征服”是針對(duì)第四段最后一句話設(shè)置的干擾項(xiàng)，文中是說(shuō)“許多疾病也需要花費(fèi)幾十年的時(shí)間去征服，如果它們可以被人類完全征服的話”，并不能說(shuō)人類不能征服許多疾病，所以[C]不對(duì);文中只是說(shuō)“醫(yī)生可以檢測(cè)DNA中的所有缺陷”，并沒有說(shuō)可以治愈，所以[D] “從長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)來(lái)看，醫(yī)生可能治愈DNA中的所有缺陷”不對(duì)。

　　40. B 主旨題。本題的問題是“本文的最佳標(biāo)題可能是”。文章前面幾段介紹了遺尊工程師取得的成就，后面兩段介紹了科學(xué)家在將基因療法用于治療疾病方面面臨的問題。這說(shuō)明，本文主要是介紹基因領(lǐng)域的研究。[B]“基因革命”是對(duì)本文的恰當(dāng)概括，可以表達(dá)本文的主題，為正確答案。DNA是科學(xué)家研究的具體內(nèi)容，不是本文探討的主題，所以[A]“DNA與遺傳”不能表達(dá)本文的主題;[C]“一場(chǎng)生物醫(yī)學(xué)革命”概念太廣，不準(zhǔn)確;有關(guān)新技術(shù)的利用是最后一段的內(nèi)容，比較片面，所以[D]“如何應(yīng)用基因技術(shù)”不能表達(dá)本文的主題。