考研英語閱讀輔導：細節(jié)事實題解題順序及步驟_跨考網(wǎng)

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　　細節(jié)事實題是考研英語閱讀理解當中最重要的題型，也是占據(jù)比重最大的題型，每年基本20道題目中有一半都是細節(jié)事實題。接下來我們來講解以下解題順序：　　　　

　　1.?標志：fact,?truth；時間，數(shù)字，地點，大寫字母，錢；專有名詞。　　

　　2.?根據(jù)題干中的標志詞返回原文定位：

　　考生一定要每道題目都返回原文，這是解任何題目的基礎，很多考生閱讀得不了高分得最重要原因就是不返回原文定位。然而考研和四、六級考試不一樣，四、六級考試每道題目基本都能定位到原文的某一句話，而考研直白地考一句話的概率很小，基本都是定位在某一段。?

　　3.?經(jīng)常考察的是對原文中一些細節(jié)性、具體信息的閱讀，因此一定要精確理解原文

　　這就是考驗最大的特點，就是考察的非常細，不光光是一個句子，甚至于一個單詞，一個標點符號都要正確理解。

　　4.?正確選項應與原文同義表達：

　　我們把選項和原文重疊，記住“本本主義”，即與原文意思接近的，差不多的為正確答案，與原文意思相反的，或者只要是文中未提及的都是錯的。?

　　接下來我們具體以真題為例來闡述一下我們的解題步驟，如2000年第一篇文章：

　　It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer. Just as inevitably, the retreat from predominance proved painful. By the mid-1980s Americans had found themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness. Some huge American industries, such as consumer electronics, had shrunk or vanished in the face of foreign competition. By 1987 there was only one American television maker left, Zenith. (Now there is none: Zenith was bought by South Korea's LG Electronics in July。) Foreign-made cars and textiles were sweeping into the domestic market. America's machine-tool industry was on the ropes. For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors, which America had which sat at the heart of the new computer age, was going to be the next casualty。

　　52. The loss of US predominance in the world economy in the 1980s is manifested in the fact that the American________。

　　[A]?TV?industry?had?withdrawn?to?its?domestic?market?

　　[B]?semiconductor?industry?had?been?taken?over?by?foreign?enterprises?

　　[C]?machine-tool?industry?had?collapsed?after?suicidal?actions?

　　[D]?auto?industry?had?lost?part?of?its?domestic?market?

　　首先我們審題，根據(jù)題干中的1980s(數(shù)字)，我們可以定位到原文第二段。然后逐一看選項A“電視工業(yè)萎縮回到了國內(nèi)市場(即：該工業(yè)失去了國際市場)。”?“根據(jù)第二段，到80年代中期，面對其工業(yè)競爭力的日益衰退，美國人感到無計可施(at?a?loss)，美國某些大的行業(yè)——如電子消費品——在園際競爭的壓力下，面臨萎縮或消亡的威脅。到1987年為止，美國僅存的電視制造商只有Zenith一家了(現(xiàn)在已蕩然無存：Zenith于7月份——指文章寫作年代的7月份——被韓國LG電子有限公司收購了)。這里并沒有直接提到美國電視失去國際市場，事實上，它連國內(nèi)市場也保不住了。因此A選項錯誤。B“半導體行業(yè)被外國公司接管。”?第二段最后一句提到，在一段時間內(nèi)，半導體制造業(yè)看上去好像要成為下一個受害者?！翱瓷先ズ孟瘛钡臐撆_詞就是“事實上并不是如此”，因此B與原文意思相反。C“機械制造業(yè)自取滅亡”，第二段提到了機械制造業(yè)“岌岌可?！薄＿@顯然也是說它正在失去國內(nèi)外市場，并未提到它的滅亡是由其自身原因造成的。on?the?ropes解釋為“岌岌可?！辈⒉唤忉尀椤白詺ⅰ薄６诙蔚诹涮岬?，進口車和紡織品涌進(美國)國內(nèi)市場。由此可知：D?“汽車制造業(yè)失去了部分國內(nèi)市場”與原文意思一致。選項D為正確答案。?　

　　正如筆者前文所述，考研的特點是精讀，而且選項極具誘惑性，接下來我們來看看考研閱讀理解之中常見的誘惑手段：

　　1.?單詞替換：因為考研更強調(diào)考生理解單詞的深度，因此單詞替換是考研常用的誘惑手段。具體又可以分為兩大類：?

　　A)詞義曲解：當選項中出現(xiàn)一個單詞，經(jīng)常是一詞多義的時候，考生應警惕選項中的意思很有可能和原文的意思是不相同的。?

　　如2002第一篇：“If?you?intend?using?humor?in?your?talk?to?make?people?smile,?you?must?know?how?to?identify?shared?experiences?and?problems.?Your?humor?must?be?relevant?to?the?audience?and?should?help?to?show?them?that?you?are?one?of?them?or?that?you?understand?their?situation?and?are?in?sympathy?with?(支持)their?point?of?view.?Depending?on?whom?you?are?addressing,?the?problems?will?be?different.?If?you?are?talking?to?a?group?or?managers,?you?may?refer?to?the?disorganized?methods?of?their?secretaries;?alternatively?if?you?are?addressing?secretaries,?you?may?want?to?comment?on?their?disorganized?bosses?！?

　　41.?To?make?your?humor?work,?you?should?

　　[A]?take?advantage?of?different?kinds?of?audience.?

　　[B]?make?fun?of?the?disorganized?people.?

　　[C]?address?different?problems?to?different?people.?

　　[D]?show?sympathy?for?(同情)your?listeners.?

　　很多考生沒有能正確識別兩個sympathy的意思，而誤選了選項D。?

　　B)貌似同義改寫：當選項中出現(xiàn)一個單詞和原文中一個單詞非常相似，或者就是一個詞，只要詞性發(fā)生變化，一般都是錯誤答案。?

　　如2004年第二篇：“Can this merely be coincidence? One theory, dreamt up in all the spare time enjoyed by the alphabetically disadvantaged, is that the rot sets in early. At the start of the first year in infant school, teachers seat pupils alphabetically from the front, to make it easier to remember their names. So short-sighted Zysman junior gets stuck in the back row, and is rarely asked the improving questions posed by those insensitive teachers. At the time the alphabetically disadvantaged may think they have had a lucky escape (幸運的逃脫了). Yet the result may be worse qualifications, because they get less individual attention, as well as less confidence in speaking publicly?！?/p>

　　48、The?4th?paragraph?suggests?that?

　　[A]?questions?are?often?put?to?the?more?intelligent?students.?

　　[B]?alphabetically?disadvantaged?students?often?escape?from?class.?(逃學)?

　　[C]?teachers?should?pay?attention?to?all?of?their?students.?

　　[D]?students?should?be?seated?according?to?their?eyesight.?

　　兩個同是escape，只是原文中是一個名詞，解釋為逃脫；選項是動詞解釋為逃學。?

　　2.?因果顛倒：這類選項誘惑性很強，因為原因和結(jié)果都和原文相同，只是把原文的原因作為結(jié)果，結(jié)果作為原因。因此考生在原文中只要讀到因果關系的時候，就一定要清楚的分辨出哪一個原因，哪一個是結(jié)果。?

　　如2005年第三篇文章“Of?all?the?components?of?a?good?night’s?sleep,?dreams?seem?to?be?least?within?our?control.?In?dreams,?a?window?opens?into?a?world?where?logic?is?suspended?and?dead?people?speak.?A?century?ago,?Freud?formulated?his?revolutionary?theory?that?dreams?were?the?disguised?shadows?of?our?unconscious?desires?and?fears;?by?the?late?1970s,?neurologists?had?switched?to?thinking?of?them?as?just?“mental?noise”?—the?random?byproducts?of?the?neural-repair?work?that?goes?on?during?sleep.?Now?researchers?suspect?that?dreams?are?part?of?the?mind’s?emotional?thermostat,?regulating?moods?while?the?brain?is?“off-line”.?(今天研究者認為夢是人思想情緒的自動調(diào)節(jié)器，在睡眠的時候調(diào)節(jié)情緒的)And?one?leading?authority?says?that?these?intensely?powerful?mental?events?can?be?not?only?harnessed?but?actually?brought?under?conscious?control,?to?help?us?sleep?and?feel?better.?“It’s?your?dream,”?says?Rosalind?Cartwright,?chair?of?psychology?at?Chicago’s?Medical?Center.?“If?you?don’t?like?it””?

　　31.?Researchers?have?come?to?believe?that?dreams?____.?

　　[A]?can?be?modified?in?their?courses?

　　[B]?are?susceptible?to?emotional?changes?(易受情緒變化的影響)?

　　[C]?reflect?our?innermost?desires?and?fears?

　　[D]?are?a?random?outcome?of?neural?repairs?

　　當年很多考生都錯選了B。仔細讀發(fā)現(xiàn)，文中告訴你夢是情緒的自動調(diào)節(jié)器，就是夢影響情緒，而選項B說的是夢易受情緒變化的影響，即情緒影響夢，正好和原文的因果說反了。而該選項誘惑性很強，因為夢和情緒都是文中出現(xiàn)過的概念。?

　　3.擴大范圍：把原文范圍擴大了依然是錯誤的，它也可以分成兩類：?

　　A)將原文的特指(只適用于個體)變?yōu)榉褐?適用于群體)。?

　　如2008年第四篇“For?one?thing,?the?South?could?not?afford?to?part?with?its?slaves.?Owning?slaves?was?“l(fā)ike?having?a?large?bank?account,”?says?Wiencek,?author?of?An?Imperfect?God:?George?Washington,?His?Slaves,?and?the?Creation?of?America.?The?southern?states?would?not?have?signed?the?Constitution?without?protections?for?the?“peculiar?institution,”?(特指黑奴制度)including?a?clause?that?counted?a?slave?as?three?fifths?of?a?man?for?purposes?of?congressional?representation?！?

　　39.?Which?of?the?following?is?true?according?to?the?text??

　　[A]?Some?Founding?Fathers?benefit?politically?from?slavery.?

　　[B]??Slaves?in?the?old?days?did?not?have?the?right?to?vote.?

　　[C]??Slave?owners?usually?had?large?savings?accounts.?

　　[D]??Slavery?was?regarded?as?a?peculiar?institution.?(泛指特殊的組織)?　

　　B)將原文的幾個條件省略為一個條件。?

　　如2000年第一篇“A?history?of?long?and?effortless?success?can?be?a?dreadful?handicap,?but,?if?properly?handled,?it?may?become?a?driving?force.?(長期的、不費力的成功史、處理得當?shù)脑捒赡軙蔀橐环N推動力。即三個條件推出一個結(jié)論)When?the?United?States?entered?just?such?a?glowing?period?after?the?end?of?the?Second?World?War,?it?had?a?market?eight?times?larger?than?any?competitor,?giving?its?industries?unparalleled?economies?of?scale.?Its?scientists?were?the?world's?best,?its?workers?the?most?skilled.?America?and?Americans?were?prosperous?beyond?the?dreams?of?the?Europeans?and?Asians?whose?economies?the?war?had?destroyed?！?

　　53.?What?can?be?inferred?from?the?passage??

　　[A]?It?is?human?nature?to?shift?between?self-doubt?and?blind?pride.?

　　[B]?Intense?competition?may?contribute?to?economic?progress.?

　　[C]?The?revival?of?the?economy?depends?on?international?cooperation.?

　　[D]?A?long?history?of?success?may?pave?the?way?for?further?development.?長期的成功史會為今后的發(fā)展鋪平道路。一個條件就推出結(jié)論，屬于擴大范圍。?

　　4.?張冠李戴：也可稱為偷換概念，即把原文中的一個概念變成一個新的概念，該類選項誘惑性并不是很強，考生只要仔細返回原文定位，肯定能夠排除干擾。?

　　如2004年第一篇“Hunting?for?a?job?late?last?year,?lawyer?Gant?Redmon?stumbled?across?CareerBuilder,?a?job?database?on?the?Internet.?He?searched?it?with?no?success?but?was?attracted?by?the?site’s?“personal?search?agent”.?It’s?an?interactive?feature?that?lets?visitors?key?in?job?criteria?such?as?location,?title,?and?salary,?then?E-mails?them?when?a?matching?position?is?posted?in?the?database.?Redmon?chose?the?keywords?legal,?intellectual?property,?and?Washington,?D.C.?Three?weeks?later,?he?got?his?first?notification?of?an?opening.?“I?struck?gold,”?says?Redmon,?who?E-mailed?his?resume?to?the?employer?(把簡歷寄給了雇主)and?won?a?position?as?in-house?counsel?for?a?company?！?

　　41.?How?did?Redmon?find?his?job??

　　[A]?By?searching?openings?in?a?job?database.?

　　[B]?By?posting?a?matching?position?in?a?database.?

　　[C]?By?using?a?special?service?of?a?database.?

　　[D]?By?E-mailing?his?resume?to?a?database.?(把簡歷寄給了網(wǎng)站數(shù)據(jù)庫，很明顯把employer偷換成了database)?

　　5.?無中生有：選項中出現(xiàn)了文中沒有提及的新的信息。?

　　如2000年第一篇中的第三題?What?can?be?inferred?from?the?passage??

　　[A]?It?is?human?nature?to?shift?between?self-doubt?and?blind?pride.?

　　[B]?Intense?competition?may?contribute?to?economic?progress.?

　　[C]?The?revival?of?the?economy?depends?on?international?cooperation.?(國際合作就是一個文章從頭到尾都沒有出現(xiàn)過的新的概念)?

　　[D]?A?long?history?of?success?may?pave?the?way?for?further?development。