2012年考研英語(yǔ)閱讀新題型解題技巧_跨考網(wǎng)

　　Directions：You are going to read a list of headings and a text about preparing in the academic community. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A-G for each numbered paragraph （41-45）。 The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. （10 points）

　　Long before Man lived on the Earth， there were fishes， reptiles， birds， insects， and some mammals. Although some of these animals were ancestors of kinds living today， others are now extinct， that is， they have no descendants alive now.

　　41 Very occasionally the rocks show impression of skin， so that， apart from color， we can build up a reasonably accurate picture of an animal that died millions of years ago. That kind of rock in which the remains are found tells us much about the nature of the original land， often of the plants that grew on it， and even of its climate.

　　42 Nearly all of the fossils that we know were preserved in rocks formed by water action， and most of these are of animals that lived in or near water. Thus it follows that there must be many kinds of mammals， birds， and insects of which we know noting.

　　43 There were also crablike creatures， whose bodies were covered with a horny substance. The body segments each had two pairs of legs， one pair for walking on the sandy bottom， the other for swimming. The head was a kind of shield with a pair of compound eyes， often with thousands of lenses. They were usually an inch or two long but some were 2 feet.

　　44 Of these， the ammonites are very interesting and important.They have a shell composed of many chambers ， each representing a temporary home of the animal. As the young grew larger it grew a new chamber and sealed off the previous one. Thousands of these can be seen in the rocks on the Dorset Coast.

　　45 About 75 million years ago the Age of Reptiles was over and most of the groups died out .The mammals quickly developed， and we can trace the evolution of many familiar animals such as the elephant and horse. Many of the later mammals though now extinct， were known to primitive man and were featured by him in cave paintings and on bone carvings.

　　[A] The shellfish have a long history in the rock and many different kinds are known.

　　[B] Nevertheless， we know a great deal about many of them because their bones and shells have been preserved in the rocks as fossils， from them we can tell their size and shape， how they walked， the kind of food they ate.

　　[C] The first animals with true backbones were the fishes， first known in the rocks of 375 million years ago. About 300 million years ago the amphibians， the animals able to live both on land and in water， appeared. They were giant， sometimes 8 feet long， and many of them lived in the swampy pools in which our coal seam， or layer is formed. The amphibians gave rise to the reptiles and for nearly 150 million years these were the principal forms of life on land， in the sea， and in the air.

　　[D] The best index fossils tend to be marine creatures. These animals evolved rapidly and spread over large over large areas of the world.

　　[E] The earliest animals whose remains have been found were all very simple kinds and lived in the sea. Later forms are more complex， and among these are the sea?lilies， relations of the star?fishes， which had long arms and were attached by a long stalk to the sea bed， or to rocks.

　　[F] When an animal dies， the body， its bones， or shell， may often be carried away by streams into lakes or the sea and there get covered up by mud. If the animal lived in the sea its body would probably sink and be covered with mud. More and more mud would fall upon it until the bones or shell become embedded and preserved.

　　[G] Many factors can influence how fossils are preserved in rocks. Remains of an organism may be replaced by minerals， dissolved by an acidic solution to leave only their impression， or simply reduced to a more stable form.

　　答案詳解

　　41.「解析」[B]從試題前后的語(yǔ)義邏輯關(guān)系來(lái)看，試題前面的一段話表明的信息是Although some of these animals were ancestors of kinds living today， others are now extinct， that is， they have no descendants alive now（盡管這些動(dòng)物是某些活到現(xiàn)在的物種的祖先，但有的動(dòng)物卻滅絕了，也就是說(shuō)它們現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)沒(méi)有子孫后代活在這個(gè)世界上）。試題的后面的句子表明的信息是 Very occasionally the rocks show impression of skin， so that， apart from color， we can build up a reasonably accurate picture of an animal that died millions of years ago（有時(shí)候這些石頭可以將它們的外表展現(xiàn)出來(lái)，這樣，除了顏色我們就可以對(duì)那些數(shù)百年前死掉的生物形成一個(gè)比較準(zhǔn)確的印象）。從語(yǔ)義關(guān)系里看，前文中說(shuō)動(dòng)物滅絕了，暗含的意思是我們不可能得到這些動(dòng)物的任何信息，而后面的句子說(shuō)我們可以對(duì)這些動(dòng)物形成準(zhǔn)確的印象，因此，前后文形成了明顯的對(duì)比關(guān)系，四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中能夠表達(dá)這種關(guān)系的，只有選項(xiàng)[B].

　　本題還可以采用詞匯的復(fù)現(xiàn)來(lái)確定正確答案，從試題后面的句子Very occasionally the rocks show impression of skin來(lái)看，rocks的前面使用了定冠詞the修飾，這表明rocks在前文中一定出現(xiàn)過(guò)，但我們考察第一段時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)，第一段中并沒(méi)有出現(xiàn)關(guān)于rocks的內(nèi)容，因此可以確定，關(guān)于rocks的內(nèi)容一定出現(xiàn)在要填入的試題中。選項(xiàng)[B] Nevertheless， we know a great deal about many of them because their bones and shells have been preserved in the rocks as fossils. From them we can tell their size and shape， how they walked， the kind of food they ate中出現(xiàn)了動(dòng)物的骨骼被保存在the rocks中，變成化石的論述，由此可以判斷選項(xiàng)[B]是正確答案。

　　42.「解析」[F]本題出現(xiàn)在一個(gè)段落的首句，從答題策略來(lái)看，應(yīng)當(dāng)重點(diǎn)看后文的敘述，后文中water重復(fù)了兩遍，說(shuō)明這一信息是本段落的重點(diǎn)信息。同時(shí)這一信息很可能會(huì)在下上文中，即我們要填入的信息中出現(xiàn)復(fù)現(xiàn)詞或同現(xiàn)詞。對(duì)比選項(xiàng)，選項(xiàng)[F]中出現(xiàn)了lake，stream，river，sea等同類詞匯，因此可以判斷這一選項(xiàng)為正確答案。本題最大的干擾項(xiàng)為[G]，因?yàn)閇G]項(xiàng)一開始就有how fossils ate preserved與下文Nearly all of the fossils that we know were preserved in rocks…所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容從形式上來(lái)看似乎是吻合的；但是[G]項(xiàng)后面講的是動(dòng)物遺體上的有機(jī)組織（organism）可能轉(zhuǎn)達(dá)化成幾種形式而本題空白處后面的內(nèi)容則告訴人們Nearly all of the fossils that we know were preserved in rocks formed by water action（巖石中幾乎所有的化石都是由于水作用而被保存下來(lái)），語(yǔ)義上主要說(shuō)明泥沙對(duì)于化石保存下來(lái)所起的作用，因此兩者在語(yǔ)義的銜接上是不連貫的。

　　43.「解析」[E]本題選擇的特征詞是“also”?！癮lso”表并列關(guān)系，語(yǔ)義上對(duì)前文進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充和說(shuō)明，這就證明本題前面的句子中應(yīng)當(dāng)與also后的crab?like creatures（類似螃蟹的生物）相并列的內(nèi)容，或者出現(xiàn)了有關(guān)“類似螃蟹的生物”的描述的信息。比較選項(xiàng)可以發(fā)現(xiàn)，選項(xiàng)[E]中出現(xiàn)的信息Later forms are more complex， and among these are the sea?lilies， relations of the star?fishes， which had long arms and were attached by a long stalk to the sea bed， or to rocks描述了一些生物具有“類似螃蟹的信息”： had long arms and were attached by a long stalk to the sea bed， or to rock（有長(zhǎng)腕且通過(guò)長(zhǎng)柄附著于海床或巖石上）。因此，選項(xiàng) [E]是正確答案。

　　44.「解析」[A] 下文一開始就出現(xiàn)了指示代詞these，這說(shuō)明試題前面的句子表明了一類事物，也就是說(shuō)，試題部分應(yīng)該有“some， several， many”或類似的詞，對(duì)比答案只能是選項(xiàng)[A] The shellfish have a long history in the rock and many different kinds are known.里面出現(xiàn)了many different kinds of，這個(gè)短語(yǔ)和后面的指示代詞these形成了對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系。

　　45.「解析」[C]從文章的整體結(jié)構(gòu)看，這里需要一個(gè)內(nèi)容的“高潮”：前面幾段講的都是動(dòng)物不斷的進(jìn)化過(guò)程，而下文中表示時(shí)間的短語(yǔ)“About 75 million years ago the Age of Reptiles was over” 很可能向我們傳達(dá)了這樣一個(gè)信息：文章對(duì)地球上動(dòng)物進(jìn)化過(guò)程的描寫很有可能是按照時(shí)間順序的，因此本題所在的段落和下面的段落很可能存在時(shí)間上的延續(xù)關(guān)系，即本題所在的段落很可能會(huì)提到比75 million years ago更早的時(shí)間。通過(guò)對(duì)比選項(xiàng)可知選項(xiàng)[C]中的兩個(gè)表示時(shí)間的短語(yǔ)375 million years和150 million years和下一個(gè)段落中提到的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)具有了延續(xù)性，是正確答案。

　　此外，還可以采用詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)法解答本題。試題后面一句話About 75 million years ago the Age of Reptiles was over and most of the groups died out中的reptile在本題前的文章中從沒(méi)有提到，在下文中又沒(méi)有作為新信息，因而作為正確答案的選項(xiàng)中一定有這個(gè)詞，只有[C]項(xiàng)中有“The amphibians gave rise to the reptiles for nearly 150 million years these were the principal forms of life on land， in the sea， and in the sea ，and in the air”。所以正確答案只能是[C].